Two days later, Mussolini was arrested for allegedly collecting arms to overthrow the government. He was released without charges the next day. [53] After a while, the bodies were hoisted up on to the metal girder framework of a half-built Standard Oil service station, and hung upside down on meat hooks. Palmiro Togliatti, the Secretary-General of the Communist Party, claimed that he had ordered Mussolini's execution prior to his capture. As the title not so subtly implies, the film follows the last four days of the life of Benito Mussolini (played incredibly by Rod Steiger of A Fistful Of Dynamite) in April of 1945. Capture and Execution of Mussolini Mussolini spent his last 7 days in power in Milan, which was the site of his rise to power. [72], The re-interment in the Mussolini family crypt in Predappio was carried out on 1 September 1957, with supporters present giving the fascist salute. Furthermore, he had had a reputation for being reliable and trustworthy; he was also known to have disliked Audisio personally. The tomb has become a neo-fascist place of pilgrimage. He also came from Predappio and knew Mussolini's widow, Rachele, well. [28] According to Leo Valiani, the Action Party representative on the CLNAI, the decision to execute Mussolini was taken on the night of 27/28 April by a group acting on behalf of the CLNAI comprising himself, Sandro Pertini, and the communists Emilio Sereni and Luigi Longo. ", "Mussolini's brain 'stolen for sale on eBay, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_of_Benito_Mussolini&oldid=1021825486, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 May 2021, at 21:55. [40] The vehicle pulled up at the entrance of the Villa Belmonte on a narrow road known as via XXIV maggio and Mussolini and Petacci were told to get out and stand by the villa's wall. Mussolini last days and death from his enemies Mussolini on April 28, 1945, 75 years ago, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and his girlfriend Clarita were killed. His tomb has become a place of pilgrimage for neo-fascists and the anniversary of his death is marked by neo-fascist rallies. Some writers believe that Mussolini's death was part of a British special forces operation, with the supposed aim of retrieving compromising "secret agreements" and correspondence with Winston Churchill that Mussolini had allegedly been carrying when he was captured. [81], The theory has been criticised for lacking any serious evidence, particularly on the existence of the correspondence with Churchill. We want this, even though we think an execution platoon is too much of an honour for this man. [48] Eventually, in August, the body (with a leg missing) was tracked down to the Certosa di Pavia, a monastery not far from Milan. He also claimed that Mussolini was inadvertently wounded earlier in the day when Petacci tried to grab the gun of one of the partisans, who killed Petacci and Michele Moretti then shot dead Mussolini. This tense, intriguing historical drama tracks Mussolini's actions as he finds himself hunted by Hitler, the allies, and the Italian government. [44] Urbano Lazzaro later denied that such a tribunal had been convened and said: I was convinced Mussolini deserved death ... but there should have been a trial according to law. In Predappio, a march takes place between the centre of town and the cemetery. One version of the subsequent report indicated that he had been shot with nine bullets, while another version specified seven bullets. In the post-war years, the "official" version of Mussolini's death has been questioned in Italy (but, generally, not internationally) in a way that has drawn comparison with the John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories. The calibres of the bullets were not identified. R.J.B. Mussolini flees, pursued by his lover Claretta Petacci, and manages to get to the northern village of Dongo. The event usually attracts supporters in the thousands and includes speeches, songs and people giving the fascist salute. There was no possibility that the many ridiculous versions put about in these years were true...The truth is now unmistakably clear". In Audisio's account, Mussolini said nothing immediately prior to or during the execution. The Republic of Salò, the last bastion of fascism, is decaying, and the Americans, along with the partisans are about to win control of Milan. Last Days of Mussolini is an exciting story of a dictator's desperate attempts to elude his fate. [91], Newspaper articles, journals and websites, In fact, there has never been a determination by any governmental or judicial authority of a particular version of events. Alternative Title Mussolini - Ultimo Atto/The Last 4 Days. The final days of World War II in Europe. Several of Mussolini’s associates were captured and executed, either along with him or shortly thereafter. [38][39] After they were picked up, they drove 20 kilometres south to the village of Giulino di Mezzegra. [68], After his death and the display of his corpse in Milan, Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave in the Musocco cemetery, to the north of the city. The tribunal condemned Mussolini and Petacci to death. Movie footage of what happened appears to confirm that to be the case. Two days into their trek, they were identified by a group of partisans, which was probably inevitable. Magpie Certified Refurbished … During this time, the Nazi war machine was slowing down and Allied forces were making their … These days, July 19 to 25, 1943, began with a meeting between Hitler and il Duce , in an Alpine village, as … [34], Before long, it was noted that there were discrepancies between Audisio's original story published in L'Unità, subsequent versions that he provided and the versions of events provided by others. Colour Col & B/W. The documentary included an interview with Dorina Mazzola who said that her mother had seen the shooting. ... Mussolini: The Last 600 Days … Bosworth is Emeritus Fellow at Jesus College, Oxford. [63] In accordance with Hitler’s prior instructions, his body was immediately burned with gasoline, leaving virtually no remains.[64]. "John" took me outside and told me his orders were to eliminate them both, because Petacci knew many things. In 1945, Benito Mussolini goes to Milan to talk with Archbishop Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster to request his help in escaping from Italy. In June 1940, he took the country into World War II on the side of Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler. [10][11][12] As the German forces retreated, the CLNAI declared a general uprising in the main northern cities. [20][85] Journalist Peter Tompkins claimed to have established that "John" was Robert Maccarrone, a British SOE agent who had Sicilian ancestry. In fact, he first set out to be a teacher but soon decided that career wasn’t for him. She also said that she herself had heard the shots and that she "looked at the clock, it was almost 11". [75] The discrepancies and obvious exaggerations, coupled with the belief that the Communist Party had selected him to claim responsibility for their own political purposes, led some in Italy to believe that his story was wholly or largely untrue.[75]. Buy Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce by Moseley, Ray online on Amazon.ae at best prices. Allegedly, it was part of a "cover up" to retrieve "secret agreements" and compromising correspondence between the two men, which Mussolini was carrying when he was captured by partisans. In April 1945, with the Allies breaking through the last German defences in northern Italy and a general uprising of the partisans taking hold in the cities, Mussolini's situation became untenable. All of those propaganda posters and photos had now truly come back to haunt him. I said I could not shoot Petacci, so John said he would shoot her himself, while making it quite clear that Mussolini however, had to be killed by an Italian. Audisio replied that she had been Mussolini's adviser, had inspired his policies and was "just as responsible as he is". Product Information. Partisans stopped and searched the convoy at a small village on Lake Como; in the back of a truck, they found a private suspiciously wearing… However, since the end of the war, the circumstances of Mussolini's death, and the identity of his killer, have been subje… Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}45°58′53″N 9°12′13″E / 45.98126°N 9.2035°E / 45.98126; 9.2035 FREE Delivery on all Orders! [20], In any event, Longo instructed a communist partisan of the General Command, Walter Audisio, to go immediately to Dongo to carry out the order. Four months later it was recovered by the authorities who then kept it hidden for the next eleven years. Last Days of Mussolini|Rod Steiger. [35][37], In the afternoon, he, with other partisans, including Aldo Lampredi and Michele Moretti, drove to the De Maria family's farmhouse to collect Mussolini and Petacci. Mussolini accepts without objection, always hoping for a revolt of his loyal fascists, but they are in jeopardy. The corpses were pelted with vegetables, spat at, urinated on, shot at and kicked; Mussolini's face was disfigured by beatings. During the last days of the Second World War in Italy, Benito Mussolini attempted to escape the advancing Allied Army by hiding in a German convoy headed toward the Alps. “We shall conquer!” These were the words of Benito Mussolini, known as Il Duce in 1940. Members of the Fascist government and the gerarchi of fascism[note 3] who are guilty of suppressing constitutional guarantees, destroying popular liberties, creating the Fascist regime, compromising and betraying the fate of the country, and leading it to the present catastrophe are to be punished with the penalty of death, and in less serious instances life imprisonment. The final saga for Mussolini and Petacci began when Il Duce arrived in Milan at 7 pm on April 18, just ll days before his death, with Ms. Petacci, the eldest daughter of a former Vatican physician, following later. [5], Slowly fighting their way up the Italian peninsula, the Allies took Rome and then Florence in the summer of 1944 and later that year they began advancing into northern Italy. He must be handed over to a tribunal of the people so it can judge him quickly. [59], On the afternoon of 29 April, Adolf Hitler learned of Mussolini’s execution, although it is unknown how much of the detail was communicated to him. At least twelve different individuals have, at various times, been claimed to be the killer. Galbiati, who commanded the militia, said, "My troops will know how to deal … The intention was to prove the hypothesis that syphilis had caused insanity in him, but nothing resulted from the analysis;[58] no evidence of syphilis was found on his body either. [51], Their bodies were left in a heap, and by 9:00 a.m. a considerable crowd had gathered. [56], On 30 April, an autopsy was carried out on Mussolini at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Milan. There were no objections to any of the proposed executions. Initially, Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave but, in 1946, his body was dug up and stolen by fascist supporters. [35][36] Audisio used the nom de guerre of "Colonnello Valerio" during his mission. The death of Benito Mussolini, the deposed Italian fascist dictator, occurred on 28 April 1945, in the final days of World War II in Europe, when he was summarily executed by an Italian partisan in the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra in northern Italy. [1], Until 1947, Audisio's involvement was kept a secret, and in the earliest descriptions of the events (in a series of articles in the Communist Party newspaper L'Unità in late 1945) the person who carried out the shootings was only referred to as "Colonnello Valerio". Benito breaks promises to his aides, to Cardinal Schuster and to the German commander assigned to 'protect' him. Lampredi said that Mussolini's last words were "aim at my heart". "[62] The following day, Hitler committed suicide in Berlin, shortly before the city fell to the Red Army and two days after Mussolini’s death. According to Bellini delle Stelle no other discussion or formalities concerning the decision to execute them took place.[44]. By the autumn of 1943, he was reduced to being the leader of a German puppet state in northern and central Italy and was faced with the Allied advance from the south and an increasingly violent internal conflict with the partisans. On Easter Sunday 1946, Mussolini's body was located and dug up by a young fascist, Domenico Leccisi, and two friends. Born July 29, 1883 in Dovia di Predappio, he was intelligent and inquisitive from an early age. [22] In Dongo, Mussolini was reunited with Petacci, who had requested to join him, at about 2:30 a.m. on 28 April. On 25 April he fled Milan, where he had been based, and tried to escape to the Swiss border. Lampredi was undoubtedly an eyewitness and, because he prepared his narrative for the private records of the Communist Party – and not for publication – it was perceived that he had no motivation other than to tell the truth. [69][70], The authorities then arranged for the body to be hidden at a Capuchin monastery in the small town of Cerro Maggiore where it remained for the next eleven years. No autopsy was carried out on Petacci. The film depicts the downfall of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.[1]. [76], In his 1993 book Dongo: half a century of lies, the partisan leader Urbano Lazzaro repeated a claim he had made earlier that Luigi Longo and not Audisio, was "Colonnello Valerio". In 1945, the dictator of fascist Italy and Hitler's close ally Benito Mussolini faces defeat. They were then hung upside down from a metal girder above a service station on the square. [81], They took them out of the house and, at the corner of a nearby lane they were stood against a fence and shot. The generally accepted version of events is that Mussolini was shot by Walter Audisio, a communist partisan who used the nom de guerreof "Colonel Valerio". [71] This remained the position until May 1957, when the newly appointed Prime Minister, Adone Zoli, agreed to Mussolini's re-interment at his place of birth in Predappio in Romagna. Some historians believe that what happened to Mussolini was a factor in Hitler’s decision to commit suicide and have his body burned. The partisans, led by Pier Luigi Bellini delle Stelle and Urbano Lazzaro, recognised one of the fascists, but not Mussolini at this stage. But the war crimes of the Duce are too great, so Audisio makes the decision to shoot him in front of the Villa Belmonte in the village of Giulino, along with his female companion. On April 21, Bologna was captured by the Allied troops and the Fascist chief Arpinati was slain. [42][43], Differences also exist with the account given by others involved, including Lazzaro and Bellini delle Stelle. [8] Over the following week, with the military situation deteriorating, Mussolini vacillated between a number of options including making a last stand in the Alpine region of the Valtellina (the so-called Ridotto Alpino Repubblicano plan), fleeing to Switzerland, or attempting to negotiate a peaceful handover to the partisan leadership, the CLNAI,[note 2] or to the Allies. He would deserve to be killed like a mangy dog.[27]. The final saga for Mussolini and Petacci began when Il Duce arrived in Milan at 7 pm on April 18, just ll days before his death, with Ms. Petacci, the eldest daughter of a … [37], Audisio was first named in a series of articles in the newspaper Il Tempo in March 1947 and the Communist Party subsequently confirmed Audisio's involvement. [20][1] At least 12 different individuals have been identified at various times as being responsible for carrying out the shooting. [28], A senior communist in Milan, Luigi Longo, said that the order came from the General Command of the partisan military units "in application of a CLNAI decision". [77][78][79], There have been several claims that Britain's wartime covert operations unit, the Special Operations Executive (SOE), was responsible for Mussolini's death, and that it may have even been ordered by the British prime minister, Winston Churchill. In a desperate attempt to avoid capture, he tries to flee the country with his … [34] Although each of these accounts vary in detail, they are consistent on the main facts. Why buy with musicMagpie? The numbers signing the tomb's register range from dozens to hundreds per day, with thousands signing on certain anniversaries; almost all the comments left are supportive of Mussolini. Mussolini bargains and negotiates, all the while plotting to flee with his mistress and leave his Fascist cronies holding the bag. Others have claimed that Mussolini (or Mussolini and Petacci together) committed suicide with cyanide capsules. [50][51] The choice of location was deliberate. It is said that the correspondence included offers from Churchill of peace and territorial concessions in exchange for Mussolini persuading Hitler to join the western Allies in an alliance against the Soviet Union. However, to reflect this lack of governmental or judicial authority, sources on the subject have used the term with quotation marks. After the war the family of Claretta Petacci began civil and criminal court cases against Walter Audisio for her unlawful killing. Aside from Mussolini and Petacci, sixteen of the most prominent of them would be summarily shot in Dongo the following day and a further ten would be killed over two successive nights. Last Days of Mussolini (Italian: Mussolini: Ultimo atto) is a 1974 Italian historical drama film co-written and directed by Carlo Lizzani and starring Rod Steiger, Franco Nero and Lisa Gastoni. [90], Other theories have been published, including allegations that not only Luigi Longo, subsequently leader of the Communist Party in post-war Italy, but also Sandro Pertini, a future President of Italy, carried out the shootings. In it, Lampredi confirmed the key facts of Audisio's story but without the embellishments. Best Horror Movies. [7][8] He based himself in the city's Prefecture. [27] The CLNAI subsequently announced, on the day after his death, that Mussolini had been executed on its orders. Top 200 of all time 150 Essential Comedies. Product details Aspect Ratio : 2.35:1 His inner circle burned his corpse as Soviet forces closed in. The death of Benito Mussolini, the deposed Italian fascist dictator, occurred on 28 April 1945, in the final days of World War II in Europe, when he was summarily executed by an Italian partisan in the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra in northern Italy. [22], The partisans arrested Mussolini and took him to Dongo, where he spent part of the night in the local barracks. Accounts from two of the secretaries present recorded that they had been called together to see the newly married couple. [80][81] Proponents of this theory have included historians such as Renzo De Felice[82] and Pierre Milza[83] and journalists including Peter Tompkins[81] and Luciano Garibaldi (it);[84] however, the theory has been dismissed by many.[80][81][82]. [74], Outside of Italy, Audisio's version of how Mussolini was executed has largely been accepted and is uncontroversial. I read utter exhaustion, but not fear ... Mussolini seemed completely lacking in will, spiritually dead. [35][39][42], There were differences in Lampredi's account and that of Audisio. This article related to an Italian film of the 1970s is a stub. [65] Alan Bullock said that news of Mussolini’s fate had presumably increased Hitler’s determination to avoid capture[66] and William L. Shirer thought that knowledge of the events surrounding Mussolini’s death may have strengthened Hitler's resolve not to risk his downfall being turned into a public humiliation. Mussolini spent his last 7 days in power in Milan, which was the site of his rise to power. Mussolini and Petacci were executed the following afternoon, two days before Adolf Hitler's suicide. According to Longo, he did so with the words "go and shoot him". Soon after Hitler received Mussolini's letter, he responded by asking for a detailed list of the materials that Italy would need in order to take the initiative in a … Product details Aspect Ratio : 2.35:1 In 1940, Mussolini took his country into World War II on the side of Nazi Germany but soon was met with military failure. Movie & TV guides. [1] However, within Italy, the subject has been a matter of extensive debate and dispute since the late 1940s to the present and a variety of theories of how Mussolini died has proliferated. Mussolini had been Italy's fascist leader since 1922, first as prime minister and, following his seizure of dictatorial powers in 1925, with the title Il Duce. [80][87] Commenting on the RAI television documentary in 2004, Christopher Woods, researcher for the official history of the SOE, dismissed these claims saying that "it's just love of conspiracy-making". [3], Later that year, Mussolini was rescued from prison in the Gran Sasso raid by German special forces and Hitler installed him as leader of the Italian Social Republic, a German puppet state set up in northern Italy and based at the town of Salò near Lake Garda. With George C. Scott, David Suchet, Spencer Chandler, Lee Grant. The convoy included a number of other Italian fascist leaders. Still, he voraciously read the works of great European philosophers like Immanuel Kant, Georges Sorel, Benedict de Spinoza, Peter Kropotkin, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Karl Marx.In his 20… "The Last Days of Benito Mussolini, by George Kent" "Here, told for the first time, is the story of the last seven days of Benito Mussolini as dictator of the Italian People. In 1994 Bruno Lonati, a former partisan leader, published a book in which he claimed that he had shot Mussolini and he was accompanied on his mission by a British army officer called "John", who shot Petacci. [60][61] On the same day, Hitler recorded in his Last Will and Testament that he intended to choose death rather than "fall into the hands of enemies" and the masses, and becoming "a spectacle arranged by Jews. — David Cicilline (@davidcicilline) March 11, 2021 That won’t change. In 1938, Mussolini … The following day, the pair joined a convoy of fellow fascists and German soldiers heading north toward Lake Como and the border with Switzerland. It was very barbarous. Audisio presented Mussolini as acting in a cowardly manner immediately prior to his death whereas Lampredi did not. In Audisio 's account and that she herself had heard the shots and of. With Churchill [ 51 ] the choice of location was deliberate, to Cardinal Schuster to. — David Cicilline ( @ davidcicilline ) March 11, 2021 that ’. Have, at various times, been claimed to be the killer a in. The following afternoon, two Days before Adolf Hitler recovered by the Allied last days of mussolini. 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