Tanguy J.C.
(2000) show the presence of a high Vp body (with P-wave velocity ranging between 5.5 and 7 km s−1) extending between 2 and 18 km depth beneath Mt Etna. endobj The voiding of a shallow (5 km) spherical reservoir during the rift zone eruptions increases strongly the Coulomb stress along the Acireale-Piedimonte fault system (by more than 1 MPa by making the calculations with the volumes erupted between 1763 and 1809) and may have promoted the 1818 February 20 earthquake as well as the smaller ones on the eastern flank of the volcano (Fig. Normal stress and pressure changes induced by the 1693 earthquake beneath the summit of the volcano (15.00°E, 37.75°N), considering several source parameters for the earthquake (see text and Table 2). /Parent 2 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] << The work presented here supports the idea that the volcanic sources and active faults located nearby the volcano are mechanically coupled. 2012-08-18T12:45:49+08:00 Baumont D.
/Contents 52 0 R Several studies have shown that the seismicity rate depends on the Coulomb stress changes (Stein 1999, and reference therein, Dieterich et al. D'amico S.
Cernobori L.
<< . /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] For example, Toda et al. Fig. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] It emerges that the stress field can influence the eruption initiation and its dynamics, provided that the volcanic system is sufficiently close to an eruptive threshold. %���� Only the most recent earthquakes, for which hypocentral depths were computed (Azzaro et al. /Parent 2 0 R Vinciguerra S.
endstream PDFlib PLOP 3.0 (.NET/Win32)/Acrobat Distiller 7.0 for Macintosh 9e); the increase in Coulomb stress is however smaller. 9a). endobj In this study, we examined the mechanical coupling between Mt Etna's eruptions and a large normal fault system active along the eastern coast of Sicily. /Contents 73 0 R /Contents 88 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] We considered here an open conduit and simulated it by the opening of two vertical orthogonal dikes. Michaud V.
Each dike is opened by 7 m. The change in volume of the reservoirs depends on the erupted volume of lava during each period we considered. /Thumb 60 0 R For more info goggle John Casey Orlando Space and Science Center. << Jacques E.
/Type /Page Lépine J.C.
9a), where seismicity clustered between the 2002 October 26 and the end of the eruption (2003 January 28). The correlation between the volcanic activity and the earthquakes is a well-known subject of investigation. . 2001; Lundgren et al. Subsequent dykes would have been deflected away from these regions of high stress 6,36, causing volcanic activity to migrate. >> 11 illustrates the stress changes generated by different fault models adopted for the 1693 earthquake (solution 1, considering a rupture either on fault F3 or F4 with a width of 10 and 20 km; solution 2, either with a right- or a left-lateral component of motion). Monaco C.
/Parent 2 0 R /Type /Catalog The results differ as a function of the reservoir depth. CM received financial support from the GNV (Gruppo Nazionale per la Vulcanologia, INGV, Italy). 1b and Monaco et al. 18 0 obj 12b), whereas it creates an extension on the N160°E-striking dikes (Fig. 20 0 obj 10e). We first show and discuss the Coulomb stress changes caused by either rift zone eruptions or magmatic inflation of the storage zones on the faults that ruptured during large historical earthquakes (Table 4, Figs 8 and 9). endobj Figs 10 and 11 show the normal stress and pressure changes caused by the eastern Sicily earthquakes (1693, 1818 and 1908), as well as by the 1783 Calabrian event on the Etna plumbing system. My reply. According to fluid-mechanical models for magma transport in dikes (e.g. Marzocchi W.
Lockner D.A. This fault system is responsible both for large historical earthquakes (M > 6) in Sicily and for numerous smaller ones on the eastern flank of Mt Etna. Nagaoka K.
endobj The pattern of the Coulomb stress changes is modified by adding the effect of the reservoir voiding (Fig. >> At the base of the crust, where the shear modulus is higher, the stress change values would increase by about 50 per cent. It has been found that even small stress changes (<3 bar) can trigger earth-quakes [Stein, 2003]. Consequently, the relative importance of this type of process as a trigger of volcanic eruptions is essentially null. Normal stress and pressure changes induced by the eastern Sicilian earthquakes beneath the summit of the volcano (15.00°E, 37.75°N). /Parent 2 0 R Moreover, the fact that the extensional stress increases towards the surface may favour the summit eruptions by expanding the magma in the central conduit and the formation of bubbles in the volcanic column (Jaupart 1996; Hill et al. << /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] The normal stress and pressure changes are positive for extension. /Length 3742 This two-way mechanical coupling between earthquakes and eruptions may be explained by the fact that Mt Etna lies on the footwall of a large normal fault. Condomines M.
It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. This may be explained by the fact that the Coulomb stress increases as the volume (pressure) of the reservoirs decreases and as the feeder fractures open. Tapponnier P.
Jacques E.
. 8. (2000) reveal small wavelength anomalies of the Vp/Vs ratio ranging between 1.64 and 1.90, beneath the volcano. This earthquake tends to compress all the N30°E-striking dikes of the rift zone with stronger normal stress to the south (more than 0.2 MPa, Fig. We are grateful to Raffaele Azzaro, Stefano Gresta, Domenico Patané, Giuseppe Puglisi and Geoffrey King for the helpful discussions. Feigl K.L. . /Type /Pages The rupture dimension that we adopted is in agreement with that proposed by Barbano & Rigano (2001) on the basis of macroseismic data. /Thumb 87 0 R endobj This dependence can be modelled by using the rate/state constitutive law of Dieterich (1994), which relates the rate of earthquake occurrence to the stressing rate. Di Bona M.
The facts described so far suggest that point-to-point elastic stress transfer alone is not sufficient to explain the large-scale seismic/volcanic correlation involving the Neapolitan volcanic district. The stress changes induced by the 1693 event are very small if we consider that it occurred in the Hyblean plateau (solution 2, see Fig. /Type /Page Why care? Tahara T.
Earthquake dislocations create a vertical stress gradient along fissures oriented perpendicular to the minimum compressive stress and compress shallow reservoirs beneath the volcano. This contribution reviews several basic concepts relative to the stress controls of magma transport into the brittle lithosphere, and uses this information to explain how magma migrates inside monogenetic volcanic … This may explain why no flank eruptions occurred for long periods after such earthquakes. . endobj Gillot P.Y. Bonforte A.
/Resources 107 0 R >> /Parent 2 0 R /Resources 101 0 R << << Trasatti E.
Merapi is influenced by stress changes related to remote tectonic … 9b) and (e) the voiding of a spherical magmatic reservoir at 15 km depth (volumetric loss as in Fig. Gasperini P.
The evolution of the seismic activity associated with the 2002–2003 rift zone eruption was described by Acocella & Neri (2003) and can be interpreted in terms of Coulomb stress transferred by the volcanic processes to faults. Bucur I.
In Fig. /Rotate 0 /Subject Coulomb stress interaction between volcanic sources and earthquakes. The 1693 earthquake induced a comparable horizontal stress gradient along the N30°E-striking dikes and unclamped the N160°E-striking ones at all depths (Fig. The 1693 event can slightly unclamp a N-S-striking dike-shaped reservoir (Fig. . These faults are responsible for both large magnitude historical earthquakes and smaller damaging seismic events, closer to the volcano. /Type /Page Hirn A.
King G.C.P. 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R] Dieterich 1994; Toda et al. << >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] However, the Coulomb stress increases around the dike tips, where numerous damaging earthquakes occurred during the rift zone eruptions, particularly on the southern flank of the volcano, around the town of Nicolosi (Fig. /Type /Page Owen and T.R. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] >> /Rotate 0 The stress changes induced by the last centuries' earthquakes on Mt Etna are, however, quite small and may reach several tenths MPa at most. 2001). << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] 10(c), the white zone corresponds to a compression of a spherical reservoir. The 1818 February 20 earthquake (M∼ 6, intensity up to IX-X, Boschi & Guidoboni 2001) occurred on the eastern flank of Mt Etna, north of Catania, along the Acireale fault (see Fig. . Among several others, Pinel & Jaupart (2004) have shown that the magmatic overpressure gradients in dikes control the storage or the lateral/vertical propagation of the magma beneath the volcanoes. << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.28 841.89] We also show that the 1693 earthquake (for all solutions considered, except solution 2, right-lateral component of motion) tends to increase the horizontal tensile stress along NNW-SSE vertical planes by up to 0.15 MPa, with larger values towards the surface. Merapi, Geophysical Research Letters" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. The main factors governing the evolution of the stress field are: Changes in the configuration of plate boundaries. 9c). Aside from those statistical results, and from a physical point of view, as pointed out by Sparks (1981) the stress changes induced in the Earth's crust are on the order of 10 2 Pa. /Parent 2 0 R Basili A.
Our results and interpretations do not change significantly, except for the earthquakes located onthe eastern flank of Mt Etna (i.e. Coulomb stress changes, calculated at ∼mid-depth of the seismic faulting (10 km for the 1169 and 1693 earthquakes and 4 km for the 1908 one) and in vertical cross-sections, with topography (bottom panels, topography as in Fig. We will also consider in our simulations volcanic source models with deeper reservoirs (10 and 15 km) and wider rift zone dikes. In the same manner, the earthquakes responsible for macroseismic effects on the eastern and western flanks of the volcano were likely promoted by the voiding of the reservoirs while the tensile dislocations along the rift zones promoted those on the northern and southern flanks. Indeed, the tidal factor may act on flank … By using the volumes erupted between 1763 and 1809, we calculated that the Coulomb stress decreased by more than 1 MPa along the fault plane ruptured in 1818. Puglisi G.
In other words, we have provided several evidences that the active stress field generating these events is modulated by this mutual interaction and that the mapping of the elastic stress changes can represent an useful tool to image this tectonic coupling. Nostro C.
We calculate the cumulative Coulomb stress changes caused by repeated eruptions along the rift zone dikes as a single process represented by the expansion (dilation) of the entire rift zone. Ferrari G.
Here we model quantitatively the stress and strain induced by tidal forces as possible triggers of Mount Etna eruptions during 1989, 2000 and 2001, by means of 2D numerical analysis by finite difference method applied to the volcano edifice. The results of our numerical calculations are summarized in Tables 4 and 5 and are shown in Figs 8–12. Chiarabba C.
. For example, the geodetic measurements performed at Mt Etna between 1980 and 1993 (Bonaccorso 2001) revealed that the volcano inflated during the 10 yr preceding the 1991–1993 eruption. Only the most recent earthquakes, whose hypocentral depths are known, are reported in cross-sections. One may thus infer that the larger the lava volumes erupted at Mt Etna, the larger the strain and stress around the volcano and the larger the seismicity rate. Figs 8(a) and (b) show the Coulomb stress changes caused by the 17th-century rift zone eruptions on the faults planes that are believed to have ruptured during the 1169 and 1693 M > 7 earthquakes. Patanè D.
Maugeri S.R. /Rotate 0 After two major volcanic eruptions in the tropics in the late twentieth century (Mt. . 2006-02-17T11:16:34+05:30 Fig. Contours: each 0.1 MPa (continuous lines) between −0.5 and 0.5 MPa, each 0.5 MPa (dashed lines) between −2 and 2 MPa. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] /Author /Resources 44 0 R /OpenAction [3 0 R /Fit] /Parent 2 0 R We have fixed the total opening of both rift zones to 7 m. We modelled the eruptions that occurred at the end of the 18th century along the southern rift zone by using a 6.5-km-long dike, oriented N–S (average strike of eruptive dikes during this period, see Fig. /Contents [31 0 R] The comparison between large magnitude historical earthquakes in eastern Sicily and eruptions at Mt Etna volcano suggests that these two phenomena are correlated. Define seismic activity. Despite improved temporal frameworks for these events, the mechanisms causing extinctions remain unclear. Most of the deformation was subsequently released during the eruption, which was conversely associated with a strong areal contraction of the volcano. This eruption occurred closer to the fault, along a N160°E-striking dike (see location on Fig. Messina Straits, southern Italy, earthquake; waveform modeling of regional seismograms, Ground deformation patterns on Mount Etna, 1992 to 1994, inferred from GPS data, The historical eruptions of Mt Etna (volcanological data), Magmatic resurgence in the long valley caldera, California: possible cause of the 1980 Mammoth Lakes earthquakes, Correlation between eruptions of Mount Etna, Sicily and regional earthquakes as seen in historical records from AD 1582, Seismotectonic outline of south-eastern Sicily: an evaluation of available options for the earthquake fault rupture scenario, The role of stress transfer in earthquake occurrence, Geomagnetic secular variation in Sicily and revised ages of historic lavas from Mount Etna, Evolution of the Mount Etna magma; constraints on the present feeding system and eruptive mechanism, Evidence from the AD 2000 Izu Islands earthquake swarm that stressing rate governs seismicity, A 125 kyr-long geological record of seismic source repeatability: the Messina Straits (Southern Italy) and the 1908 earthquake (, Italy, Database Description, Software Structure and Run-Time Manual, Influence of volcanic activity at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, on earthquake occurrence in the Kaoiki seismic zone, Analog experiments on magma-filled cracks: Competition between external stresses and internal pressure, New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, © 2006 The Author Journal compilation © 2006 RAS, Inversion of electromagnetic induction data using a novel wavelet-based and scale-dependent regularization term, Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation in NW Iran inferred from splitting measurements of SK(K)S and direct S phases, Coupled effects of pressure and frequency on velocities of tight sandstones saturated with fluids: measurements and rock physics modeling, Induced polarization effects in airborne transient electromagnetic data collected in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, Homogenization of seismic point and extended sources, Volume 226, Issue 1, July 2021 (In Progress), Geomagnetism, Rock Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Marine Geosciences and Applied Geophysics, 4 Time Correlation Between Earthquakes and Eruptions, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02824.x, Volcanology, Geothermics, Fluids and Rocks, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright © 2021 The Royal Astronomical Society. 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The eastern Sicilian earthquakes beneath the volcano around a spherical reservoir and 10 km long and N30°E. In Figs 8–12 in the next sections and smaller damaging seismic events, closer to the compressive! Grateful to Raffaele Azzaro, Stefano Gresta, Domenico Patané, Giuseppe and... Nicolich R. Laigle M. Hirn A. Cernobori L. Gallart stress volcanic activity, Stefano Gresta Domenico... Laterally, at the tips of the seismic activity along the F3 fault ( Hirn et.!