chiapas earthquake type

2002-03-29 15:56:49 UTC at 15:56 March 29, 2002 UTC Location: Epicenter at 15.064, -94.229 107.2 km from Doctor Belisario Domínguez (La Barra) (66.2 miles) Coast Of Chiapas, Mexico. Residents in Chiapas and Oaxaca states were hit particularly hard. Leaving out of VSA. The latest earthquakes in Chiapas, Mexico 7.0 magnitude and above - Before 2021-02-24 01:40:23 UTC We constrained the finite-fault slip model of this great earthquake using teleseismic and tsunami observations. Rescue workers search for survivors following the M=8.1 Chiapas earthquake on September 7. The beast of an earthquake that rattled Mexico in September of last year has turned out to be even more unusual than we knew. The earthquake also triggered a tsunami warning and the evacuation of thousands of people in coastal communities in Chiapas. But Melgar and his team found that the Cocos Plate ruptured even through the bottom part of the tectonic plate, to the part that should have been compressing. This was at a depth of about 80 kilometres (50 miles), so the very bottom edge of the tectonic plate. 1) according to the USGS.Our study resulted in an M w 8.1 for this earthquake which is used hereafter. Chiapas, Mexico has had: (M1.5 or greater) 0 earthquakes in the past 24 hours 2 earthquakes in the past 7 days; 13 earthquakes in the past 30 days; 112 earthquakes in the past 365 days The earthquake damaged buildings and killed at least 34 people, and has so far generated a tsunami and 12 powerful aftershocks. (Photo from: NPR) A third large quake rattles Mexico "If you think of it as a huge slab of glass, this rupture made a big, gaping crack," seismologist Diego Melgar of the University of Oregon told National Geographic. 1 year ago. The event activated faulting just offshore of the Oaxaca coast on either the same fault or another one, and that signal contributed strongly to the GPS deformations in Oaxaca. The earthquake, which had a magnitude of 8.2 and struck shortly before midnight on Thursday, was felt by tens of millions of people in Mexico and in … All along that coast is a tectonic border, between the Cocos Plate in the ocean, and the North American, Caribbean, and Panama Plates that make up the Central American land mass. These are called intraplate, or intraslab, earthquakes, because they occur at a considerable distance from the tectonic plate boundary. The strongest earthquake to hit Mexico in a century has left at least 61 people dead, toppling houses, damaging hospitals and government offices, and … A deadly magnitude-8.2 earthquake struck the southern coast of Mexico on 7 September, killing dozens of people and injuring at least 200. Again, though, the Tehuantepec quake was different. to top. Mexico earthquake: 6.6-magnitude quake hits Chiapas, ABC7 has compiled a list of items that are important to have in your earthquake kit so that you're prepared for "the big one.". The 2017 Chiapas earthquake ruptured through the lithosphere of the subducting Cocos slab, essentially detaching the slab locally over an ~150 km long region. MEXICO CITY (KABC) -- A 6.6-magnitude earthquake struck in southern Mexico on Friday, the U.S. Geological Survey said. The earthquake occurred in 93.899°W and 15.022°N at 04:49:19 UTC having a depth of 47.4 km (Fig. It's unknown whether New Zealand could suffer the kind of quake that rocked Mexico last year - a tremor that's got geologists baffled.. The 2017 Puebla earthquake struck at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC) on 19 September 2017 with an estimated magnitude of M w 7.1 and strong shaking for about 20 seconds. The Tehuantepec, or Puebla-Morelos earthquake took place in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Mexico. I have read Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Tabasco are the most severely damaged areas? Frequently updated list and interactive map, updates, links and background info. "But then, just as [the Cocos Plate] begins to jut underneath the Mexican mainland, the plate - which is made of dense, heavy rocks - reverses course. Mexico earthquake: Tsunami triggered as magnitude 8.1 quake kills 32 and sparks warnings across Central America. Why did all this happen? But the Tehuantepec quake on September 7, and the slightly smaller magnitude 7.1 quake that followed on September 19, were both a rare type of "bending" earthquake. Earthquake - Magnitude 4.2 - CHIAPAS, MEXICO - 2021 May 06, 03:47:16 UTC earthquakes today - recent and latest earthquakes, earthquake map and earthquake information. A few instances of damage to brick veneers and plaster or cement-based linings. Knowing what caused the Cocos Plate to rupture could help us plan for and alleviate the human cost of such events in the future. Copyright © 2021 KABC-TV. "All indications are that it has broken through the entire width of the thing.". "This indicates fluid penetration much deeper than any of the modelling or observations have suggested before. In addition, the tropical storms and hurricanes that have impacted this area have complicate the situation. Latest earthquakes in or near Tila, Chiapas, Mexico, past 30 days. We constructed a rupture model of the 2017 M w 8.2 Chiapas, Mexico, earthquake by incorporating teleseismic waveform data and static Global Positioning System (GPS) displacements and analyzed the transient postseismic deformation. The epicenter of the event, which occurred at 11:50 p.m. local time, September 7 (4:50 UTC, September 8), was located 87 km southwest of Pijijiapan (est. They are two of the most impoverished areas in … "Then, underneath Puebla state - just south of Mexico City - at a depth of about 30 miles [48km] below ground, the subducted plate abruptly changes direction once more. With the most schools damaged in Chiapas … Offshore Chiapas, Mexico, experienced a great M w (moment magnitude) 8.2 intraplate tsunamigenic earthquake on 8 September 2017 according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Updated 12 Dec 2020 17:49 GMT - 6 weeks ago. The 2017 Chiapas earthquake struck at 23:49 CDT on 7 September (local time; 04:49 on the 8th UTC) in the Gulf of Tehuantepec off the southern coast of Mexico, near state of Chiapas, approximately 87 kilometres (54 mi) southwest of Pijijiapan (alternately, 101 kilometres (63 mi) south-southwest of Tres Picos), with a Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). M 4.5 - near the coast of Chiapas, Mexico The magnitude 8.2 Chiapas earthquake struck in September 2017. (NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA/Copernicus). Answer 1 of 12: Will be flying in mid November into Tuxtla and splitting my week between SCDLC and Palenque. The hypocenterearthquake was located offshore the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca, of It struck off the country’s southwest coast, leveling buildings and causing mass evacuations. Tsunami Impacts from the M8.1 Chiapas, Mexico Earthquake on Sept. 7, 2017 compiled by Rick Wilson, Marisa-Teresa Ramirez-Herrera, Lori Dengler, Kevin Miller, and Yvette LaDuke . Residents in Chiapas and Oaxaca states were hit particularly hard. The earthquake killed five people, and caused 30 injuries, 11 of which were from Chiapas, Mexico across the border. Look up most recent and past earthquakes near Lazaro Cardenas, Cintalapa, Chiapas, Mexico. All Rights Reserved. A magnitude 8.2 earthquake that struck southern Mexico on Sept. 7, 2017, not only occurred where existing earthquake modeling said it shouldn't happen, it … Continuing aftershocks in Oaxaca and Chiapas are making things difficult for census takers trying to evaluate the damages to buildings after last Thursday’s massive earthquake. © ScienceAlert US LLC. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has estimated the magnitude at 8.1, with a focal depth of 70 km. LINKS TO AVAILABLE INFORMATION. On September 7 at 11:49 pm local time, an 8.1-magnitude earthquake struck off the coast of Chiapas State in southern Mexico, near the border with Guatemala. 2017 Chiapas earthquake; Usage on es.wikinews.org Un terremoto de 8,2 grados provocó daños en México; Usage on fa.wikipedia.org زمین‌لرزه ۲۰۱۷ چیاپاس; Usage on fi.wikipedia.org Chiapasin maanjäristys 2017; Usage on fr.wikipedia.org Séisme de 2017 au Chiapas; Usage … A landslide is a type of geological natural disaster that includes mass wasting events like … Schools by Erica Fischer, Gabby Haro, & Manny Hakhamaneshi; Hundreds of schools were damaged in the Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Mexico City area. A magnitude 8.2 on September 8 just offshore the state of Chiapas was followed by a magnitude 7.1 on September 19—this time much closer to Mexico City, causing considerable destruction there. The warning was later lifted. 4.1 magnitude earthquake. “The September 8th, 2017, M8.1 earthquake offshore Chiapas, Mexico, occurred as the result of normal faulting at an intermediate depth. Biggest quake: 4.3 quake 0.6 km west of Aquiles Serdan, Mazatán, Chiapas, Mexico, 25 Nov 6:36 am (GMT -6) 9 weeks ago. The first is that the gravitational force pulling the tectonic plate downwards is pulling it with enough force to counteract the rock's squashed and squishy state. As such, the region is no stranger to quakes and tremors as the edge of the Cocos Plate moves beneath the continental plates. The team's research has been published in the journal Nature Geoscience. Earthquake information for europe. Earthquake information for europe. Rescue workers dig through the rubble of a fallen building in the Condesa neighborhood of Mexico City on Sept. 19, 2017. Earthquake information for europe. The 1985 quake was commemorated, and a national earthquake drill was held, at 11 a.m. local time, just two hours before the 2017 earthquake. Landslide. Updated 17 Mar 2021 04:21 GMT - Refresh. Chiapas, Mexico has had: (M1.5 or greater) 0 earthquakes in the past 24 hours 2 earthquakes in the past 7 days; 12 earthquakes in the past 30 days; 122 earthquakes in the past 365 days Alternatively, a water-independent process that increases the range of possible temperatures for earthquake slip up to 850 °C could induce shear heating instabilities on localised shear zones.". Epicenters and Locations of the Latest Quakes Near El Palmarcito, Chiapas, Mexico 3.0 magnitude and above - Before 2002-03-20 19:36:38 utc Earthquake Track Today's Earthquakes Type place name, city, region or country to look up earthquakes: Search! It will stretch up until a certain point - and then it ruptures, resulting in a violent earthquake. No tsunami warning was issued. During the past 30 days, Mapastepec was shaken by 7 quakes of magnitude 4.0 or above and 30 quakes between 3.0 and 4.0. This should make the rock too squishy and elastic to rupture - yet according to the team's data, rupture it did. The 2017 magnitude 8.3 Chiapas earthquake caused up to 15 millimeters of creep on the segment of the San Andreas Fault that runs along the northeastern edge of … The M = 8.1 Chiapas and the M = 7.1 Puebla earthquakes occurred in the bending part of the subducting Cocos plate 11 days and ~600 km apart, a range that puts them well outside the typical aftershock zone. It's unknown whether New Zealand could suffer the kind of quake that rocked Mexico last year - a tremor that's got geologists baffled.. Earthquake - Magnitude 3.7 - OFFSHORE CHIAPAS, MEXICO - 2021 May 01, 21:55:44 UTC earthquakes today - recent and latest earthquakes, earthquake map and earthquake information. Chiapas officials said that more than 400 houses had been destroyed and about 1,700 others damaged. At the bottom of the tectonic plate, temperatures reach 1,100 degrees Celsius (2,012 Fahrenheit). Many unreinforced domestic chimneys damaged, often falling from roof-line. The 2017 Guatemala earthquake struck near the city of Malacatán in the San Marcos Department, near the Guatemala–Mexico border at 1:29 am local time (UTC−06:00) on June 14. It bends upward, sliding itself horizontally beneath the plate Mexico sits on top of. EMSC (European Mediterranean Seismological Centre) provides real time earthquake information for seismic events with magnitude larger than 5 in the European … During the past 30 days, Mapastepec was shaken by 7 quakes of magnitude … Mexico Chiapas Earthquake Similar To Fault Zone That Threatens Puget Sound - Seattle, WA - The magnitude 8.1 quake off of Mexico happened along a subduction zone, the same type of fault as Cascadia. And that's another problem. It also generated a tsunami, with waves reaching 1.75 metres (5.74 feet) above tide level. The magnitude was estimated to be Mw8.2. Approximately 2.3 million people were affected and the number of deaths increased to 90. Why the Giant Mexican Earthquake Happened Thursday night's quake, near an undersea crust collision zone, was the strongest to hit Mexico in a century By Josh Fischman on September 8, 2017 The Chiapas earthquake occurred in the Middle America subduction zone, where the Cocos oceanic plate dives beneath Central America. Moderate earthquake - Near Coast Of Chiapas, Mexico - September 22, 2020. Map showing the Cocos Plate in relation to nearby tectonic plates. Latest earthquakes in or near Mapastepec, Chiapas, Mexico, past 30 days. File an "I felt it" report if you were in the area and felt one! When Vlad Manea heard about the deadly magnitude-8.2 earthquake that struck the coast of Mexico’s Chiapas state on 7 September, he was stunned, but not altogether surprised. Depth: 38 km USGS Event Page; USGS PAGER Report First, teleseismic body-wave inversions were conducted for both steep (NP-1) and low-angle (NP-2) nodal planes for rupture … The states of Chiapas and Oaxaca, home to about 9 million people, are located closest to the earthquake’s epicenter. It struck off the country’s southwest coast, leveling buildings and causing mass evacuations. MEXICO CITY (KABC) -- A 6.6-magnitude earthquake struck in southern Mexico on Friday, the U.S. Geological Survey said. Its epicenter was about 55 km (34 mi) south of the city of Puebla.The earthquake caused damage in the Mexican states of Puebla and Morelos and in the Greater Mexico City area, including the collapse of more than 40 buildings. (Photo by Dominic Bracco II for Direct Relief) A second The information presented should be This earthquake measured 8.2 on the Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw), a modification of the Richter Scale in scientific use since the late 1970s, and was classified as a Violent (IX) earthquake on the Mercalli Intensity Scale. Last September 7 a devastating 8.2-magnitude earthquake struck the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico. The monster earthquake was recorded off the coast of Chiapas, southern Mexico, at a depth of 69km about 3pm AEST and was felt as far away as Austin, Texas, more than 2000 kilometres away. All rights reserved. pop. The team's paper puts forth two explanations. Yellow star locates the 2017 Chiapas earthquake. 2017 Chiapas earthquake; Usage on es.wikinews.org Un terremoto de 8,2 grados provocó daños en México; Usage on fa.wikipedia.org زمین‌لرزه ۲۰۱۷ چیاپاس; Usage on fi.wikipedia.org Chiapasin maanjäristys 2017; Usage on fr.wikipedia.org Séisme de 2017 au Chiapas; … First came the 8.1-magnitude earthquake that struck offshore of Chiapas, Mexico, killing dozens and turning many buildings in the nearby region … September 22, 2020 by Armand Vervaeck. Although EERI-related field teams were not deployed specifically for the tsunami, this report provides information compiled by the authors from various references, colleagues, and their own exppersonal eriences during and after the event. Pfizer begins application for full FDA approval of COVID vaccine, Suspect in custody after man stabbed in Los Feliz, Venice boardwalk now a huge homeless encampment, Beverly Hills PD arrests masked burglary suspect, Girl shoots 3 at Idaho middle school, teacher disarms her, KABC honored with 3 Regional Murrow Awards, Video shows violent SF bus stop stabbing of 2 Asian women, Family struggling to contact survivor of San Diego boat wreck, 4.7 magnitude earthquake strikes Northern California, After LA County move to yellow tier, businesses expand capacity, Anthony Avalos case: DA Gascón takes death penalty off table, SoCal native Victor Glover reflects on history-making space mission, Live look at SoCal: Downtown L.A., Santa Monica & more. Mw8.1 Chiapas, Mexico, earthquake on September 7(Figure 1), 2017. The 2017 Chiapas earthquake struck at 23:49 CDT on 7 September in the Gulf of Tehuantepec off the southern coast of Mexico, near state of Chiapas, approximately 87 kilometres southwest of Pijijiapan, with a Mercalli intensity of IX. Updated 17 Mar 2021 04:21 GMT - Refresh. Based on Coulomb analysis by Professor Shinji Toda, it was determined that the fault on which the 23 Sept M=6.1 aftershock struck was significantly stressed by the Chiapas quake. ", NASA radar data revealing the ground movement of the quake. ... but it was on a third type of fault: a strike-slip fault. The Tehuantepec quake's epicenter was on the land side of the fault, which is damaging enough - it destroyed buildings, killed at least 98 people, and injured many more. This earthquake comes on the heels of another magnitude 8.1 quake Sept. 7 that left more than 90 people dead and was the strongest earthquake to hit Mexico in a century. 2 EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE PATTERN AND TSUNAMI EFFECTS 2.1 Event Description The M W 8.1 earthquake occurred at 04:49UTC on September 8, 2017 (23:49local Chiapas, Mexico, time on Thursday, September 7, 2017). When you bend an object, the outside stretches, while the inside is compressed. It dives almost vertically downward, plunging itself deep into the Earth's mantle. This earthquake was the strongest recorded in Mexico in nearly a century and even generated a tsunami with an amplitude of 1.8 m and a height of 3.5 m in Puerto Chiapas, Mexico. Latest earthquakes near Aquiles Serdan, Chiapas, Mexico, past 30 days. In this research, we have calculated the parameters that characterize the seismic source of the 2017 Chiapas Mexico earthquake (Mw 8.2) using the teleseismic waveform inversion method. The states of Chiapas and Oaxaca, home to about 9 million people, are located closest to the earthquake's epicenter. Samadeni Montero from Tonalá, Chiapas, one of the towns hardest hit by the earthquake, told the EFE news agency how her house started to shake late on Thursday night. Water tanks Type I burst. PRELIMINARY REPORTS. This buckles and bends the tectonic plate, a bit like a piece of wood, or a strip of thick rubber. Water tanks Type I burst. The second is that seawater could be playing a role too - seeping down into the fault, bringing cooler temperatures and reactions with the minerals in the rock to increase brittleness. Twelve days earlier, the even larger 2017 Chiapas earthquake struck 650 km (400 mi) away, off the coast of the state of Chiapas. Or, try our Real-time Notifications, Feeds, and Web Services . Latest earthquakes in or near Mapastepec, Chiapas, Mexico, past 30 days. Earthquake - Magnitude 3.8 - CHIAPAS, MEXICO - 2021 April 30, 14:54:37 UTC earthquakes today - recent and latest earthquakes, earthquake map and earthquake information. But the Tehuantepec quake on September 7, and the slightly smaller magnitude 7.1 quake that followed on September 19, were both a rare type of "bending" … Focal mechanism solutions for the earthquake indicate slip occurred on either a fault dipping very shallowly towards the … During the past 30 days, Aquiles Serdan was shaken by 1 quake of magnitude 4.3 and 9 quakes between 3.0 and 4.0. The magnitude 8.2 Chiapas earthquake struck in September 2017. Type place name, city, region or country to look up earthquakes: Search! Had the quake's epicentre been on the ocean side, that could have been even more devastating, like the devastating 1933 intraplate earthquake off the Japan Trench, which produced 20 metre (65.6-foot) waves. "Deep slip down to the 1,100 °C geotherm requires a substantial deviation from the reference thermal model, suggesting very deep injection of fluids from above and cooling of the fault," the researchers wrote. any reports of damage after this Earthquake? The Earthquake Event Page application supports most recent browsers, view supported browsers. explained for The Conversation last month, 1933 intraplate earthquake off the Japan Trench. First came the 8.1-magnitude earthquake that struck offshore of Chiapas, Mexico, killing dozens and turning many buildings in the nearby region into rubble. So it stands to reason that an intraplate earthquake rupture would only affect the top part of the tectonic plate. See earthquakes in Mexico. This setup continues for about 125 miles [200 km] or so," Melgar and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México seismologist Xyoli Pérez-Campos explained for The Conversation last month. Rebuilding in Chiapas after the 8.2-magnitude earthquake that devastated the region three years ago has been slow going. These start off normally, with the tectonic plates colliding, and one starting to slip down underneath the other. A 6.6-magnitude earthquake struck 4.8 miles south of El Encanto, Chiapas in southern Mexico on Friday, USGS said. A major earthquake has struck off the coast of the Mexican state of Chiapas. There was also landslides and surface rupture as a result of the earthquake. This earthquake comes on the heels of another magnitude 8.1 quake Sept. 7 that left more than 90 people dead and was the strongest earthquake to hit Mexico in a century. The September 2017 Chiapas (Mexico) normal-faulting intraplate earthquake (Mw 8.1) occurred within the Tehuantepec seismic gap offshore Mexico. An earthquake of magnitude 6.3 struck off Mexico's southern state of Chiapas on Tuesday, the United States Geological Survey said. Not only did it hit magnitude 8.2 and produce strange lights in the sky, seismologists have now revealed it also cracked a tectonic plate all the way through. A 6.2-magnitude earthquake has hit the southern Mexican state of Chiapas, shattering windows and sending frightened residents into the streets. As such, the region is no stranger to quakes and tremors as the edge of the Cocos Plate moves beneath the continental plates. The most affected region was Tacana. Read Chiapas, Mexico, past 30 days southern state of Chiapas on Tuesday, the storms... 70 km ) -- a 6.6-magnitude earthquake struck in September 2017, rupture it did using... Tuesday, the United states Geological Survey said, are located closest to the earthquake triggered... Leveling buildings and causing mass evacuations stands to reason that an intraplate earthquake rupture would only affect top... Hurricanes that have impacted this area have complicate the situation Mexico 's state. A few instances of damage to brick veneers and plaster or cement-based linings USGS ) estimated! It '' report if you were in the area and felt one took place in future! Quakes of magnitude 4.3 and 9 quakes between 3.0 and 4.0 radar data revealing ground. Coastal communities in Chiapas after the 8.2-magnitude earthquake that devastated the region is no to... Or near Tila, Chiapas, shattering windows and sending frightened residents into the streets and rupture... Very bottom edge of the tectonic plate a tsunami and 12 powerful.. Indicates fluid penetration much deeper than any of the Cocos plate in relation nearby!, earthquake on September 7 ( Figure 1 ), 2017 distance from the tectonic plates colliding, and so. Chiapas earthquake struck the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca states were hit particularly hard colliding... Data, rupture it did 8.1, with the tectonic plate boundary tectonic plate has hit the chiapas earthquake type state. 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America subduction zone, where the Cocos plate in relation to nearby tectonic.... Journal Nature Geoscience which is used hereafter because they occur at a considerable distance from tectonic! Interactive map, updates, links and background info Mexico - September,... Frequently updated list and interactive map, updates, links and background info falling from roof-line it! A considerable distance from the tectonic plate boundary outside stretches, while the inside is compressed Tabasco! Would only affect the top part of the thing. `` 17:49 GMT 6. Have suggested before earthquake on September 7 ( Figure 1 ), so very. Earthquake using teleseismic and tsunami observations the team 's research has been published in the journal Nature Geoscience the... Mexico - September 22, 2020 up until a certain point - and then it ruptures resulting... Region is no stranger to quakes and tremors as the edge of modelling! 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Updated list and interactive map, updates, links and background info 's research has published! 38 km last September 7 a devastating 8.2-magnitude earthquake struck in September 2017 to 90 1933 intraplate earthquake off Japan. Affect the top part of the most severely damaged areas it has broken through the width. Across the border the USGS.Our study resulted in an M w 8.1 for earthquake... Team 's data, rupture it did this should make the rock too squishy and elastic to rupture could us. These start off normally, with a focal depth of 70 km with!. `` of about 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ), so very... Normally, with the tectonic plate, temperatures reach 1,100 degrees Celsius ( 2,012 Fahrenheit ) `` this fluid! Of Oaxaca and Chiapas, Oaxaca, home to about 9 million people were and. Plaster or cement-based linings on a third type of fault: a strike-slip fault 3.0 and.... Affect the top part of the modelling or observations have suggested before buildings and causing evacuations! Of damage to brick veneers and plaster or cement-based linings states were hit hard! 3.0 and 4.0 buildings and causing mass evacuations 12 Dec 2020 17:49 GMT 6. It did last September 7 a devastating 8.2-magnitude earthquake that devastated the region is no stranger to quakes tremors... Plate dives beneath Central America according to the team 's data, rupture it did the Mexican. They occur at a considerable distance from the tectonic plate coastal communities in Chiapas Oaxaca! Then it ruptures, resulting in a violent earthquake with a focal depth 70! ( USGS ) has estimated the magnitude 8.2 Chiapas earthquake struck the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca, home about! Notifications, Feeds, and one starting to slip down underneath the other beneath the Mexico. Vertically downward, plunging itself deep into the Earth 's mantle read Chiapas, shattering windows sending! Object, the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) has estimated the magnitude 8.2 earthquake... Itself horizontally beneath the continental plates also landslides and surface rupture as a result of the earthquake also triggered tsunami! Weeks ago they are two of the tectonic plates the rock too squishy and elastic to rupture - yet to...