Gladstone caused great surprise by this move; he transferred the incumbent Chancellor, Robert Lowe, to the Home Office. [193][195], Disraeli told the Queen, "it is settled; you have it, madam! [27] He recalled, "I had some scruples, for even then I dreamed of Parliament. Disraeli had, for example, stressed the need to improve the lot of the urban labourer. There is also a memorial to him in the chancel in the church, erected in his honour by Queen Victoria. Disraeli called them "coffee-house babble" and dismissed allegations of torture by the Ottomans since "Oriental people usually terminate their connections with culprits in a more expeditious fashion". The fall of Plevna was a major story for weeks in the newspapers, and Disraeli's warnings that Russia was a threat to British interests in the eastern Mediterranean were deemed prophetic. Hughenden Manor information at the National Trust, Bodleian Library Disraeli bicentenary exhibition, 2004, "Archival material relating to Benjamin Disraeli", Portraits of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli letters at Brandeis University, Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom, Organisations associated with the Conservative Party, Conservative National Property Advisory Committee, European Conservatives and Reformists Party, European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&oldid=1021076223, Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom, Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies, Conservative Party Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, 19th-century Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Clausson, Nils. "[227][n 21] The Queen offered him a dukedom, which he declined, though accepting the Garter, as long as Salisbury also received it. "[43] Blake regards the tour as one of the formative experiences of Disraeli's whole career: "[T]he impressions that it made on him were life-lasting. Disraeli wrote a personal letter to Gladstone, asking him to place the good of the party above personal animosity: "Every man performs his office, and there is a Power, greater than ourselves, that disposes of all this. Once this was secretly agreed, Disraeli was prepared to allow Russia's territorial gains. [102] If the Tory Party could muster the electoral support necessary to form a government, then Disraeli now seemed to be guaranteed high office. He was close to his sister, and on affectionate but more distant terms with his surviving brothers. [223], The Treaty of Berlin was signed on 13 July 1878 at the Radziwill Palace in Berlin. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [55], Disraeli's politics at the time were influenced both by his rebellious streak and by his desire to make his mark. Although Russia yielded, Czar Alexander II later described the congress as "a European coalition against Russia, under Bismarck". This was my first production: puerile pedantry. [10] Details of his schooling are sketchy. Disraeli was cautious in response, as careful soundings of MPs brought a negative reaction, and declined to place such a proposal in the Queen's Speech. The war divided the British, but the Russian success caused some to forget the atrocities and call for intervention on the Turkish side. At the start of the next session, affairs were handled by a triumvirate of Granby, Disraeli, and John Charles Herries—indicative of the tension between Disraeli and the rest of the party, who needed his talents but mistrusted him. Reviewers were sharply critical on these grounds of both the author and the book. At the urging of George Canning the British government recognised the new independent governments of Argentina (1824), Colombia and Mexico (both 1825). This confused arrangement ended with Granby's resignation in 1851; Disraeli effectively ignored the two men regardless. [83] Disraeli hoped, unrealistically, for ministerial office. The proposal united the Liberals under Gladstone's leadership, while causing divisions among the Conservatives. "[34] On their return to England he left the solicitors, at the suggestion of Maples, with the aim of qualifying as a barrister. [43], Although a Tory (or Conservative, as some in the party now called themselves)[n 14] Disraeli was sympathetic to some of the aims of Chartism, and argued for an alliance between the landed aristocracy and the working class against the increasing power of the merchants and new industrialists in the middle class. Queen Victoria was bitter at his departure as Prime Minister. He was the son of Isaac D'Israeli [q. v.], whose family consisted of four sons and one daughter. [178] The name Beaconsfield, a town near Hughenden, also was given to a minor character in Vivian Grey. It eliminated rotten boroughs with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants, and granted constituencies to 15 unrepresented towns, with extra representation to large municipalities such as Liverpool and Manchester. Before they could arrive, on 22 January, a Zulu impi, or army, moving with great speed and stealth, ambushed and destroyed a British encampment in South Africa in the Battle of Isandlwana. Nevertheless, his biographer Robert Blake doubts that his subject had specific ideas about foreign policy when he took office in 1874. Newspapers reported his ennoblement the following morning. Updates? [119] Disraeli may have been attracted to the office by the £5,000 per year salary, which would help pay his debts. It is subtitled "a psychological autobiography", and depicts the conflicting elements of its hero's character: the duality of northern and Mediterranean ancestry, the dreaming artist and the bold man of action. In Scotland, where the Conservatives were perennially weak, they increased from seven seats to nineteen. The cabinet discussed Disraeli's proposal to position Indian troops at Malta for possible transit to the Balkans[217] and call out reserves. Benjamin Disraeli: Novelist and British Statesman Early Life of Benjamin Disraeli. But the situation is still dangerous. As an actor on the political stage he played many roles: Byronic hero, man of letters, social critic, parliamentary virtuoso, squire of Hughenden, royal companion, European statesman. As lieutenant to Lord George Bentinck, the nominal leader of the rebels, Disraeli consolidated the opposition to Peel in a series of brilliant speeches. The canal was losing money, and an attempt by Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the canal, to raise the tolls had fallen through when the Khedive had threatened to use military force to prevent it, and had also attracted Disraeli's attention. [198] By the time of his second premiership, Disraeli had built a strong relationship with Victoria, probably closer to her than any of her Prime Ministers except her first, Lord Melbourne. "[28], The year after joining Maples' firm, Benjamin changed his surname from D'Israeli to Disraeli. [68] Its themes were the value of benevolent aristocratic government, a loathing of political dogma, and the modernisation of Tory policies. He articulated an imperial role for Britain that would last into World War II and brought an intermittently self-isolated Britain into the concert of Europe."[293]. The other great party, the Whigs, were anathema to Disraeli: "Toryism is worn out & I cannot condescend to be a Whig. [170] Through 1872 the eighty-year-old peeress was suffering from stomach cancer. That father, Isaac D’Israeli, was the author of the sort of book we here at Interesting Literature love – a collection of anecdotes and intriguing facts called Curiosities of Literature. [253][254][n 24] The anniversary of Disraeli's death was for some years commemorated in the United Kingdom as Primrose Day. She was deeply devoted to Disraeli, and, when he teased her in company that he had married for her worldly goods, she would say, “Dizzy married me for my money but if he had the chance again he would marry me for love.” Her husband agreed. Realizing that he must attach himself to one of the political parties, he made a somewhat eccentric interpretation of Toryism, which some features of his radicalism fitted. Coningsby attacks the evils of the Whig Reform Bill of 1832 and castigates the leaderless conservatives for not responding. Built by French interests, 56% of the stocks in the canal remained in their hands, while 44% of the stock belonged to Isma'il Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt. Disraeli did not agree, and while he did not seek to reverse the order, his actions often frustrated its intent. Miller, Henry. [162], Disraeli's first premiership was dominated by the heated debate over the Church of Ireland. However, he would take office with a group of men who possessed little or no official experience, who had rarely felt moved to speak in the House of Commons, and who, as a group, remained hostile to Disraeli on a personal level. As Zulu troops could not marry until they had washed their spears in blood, they were eager for combat. Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield KG PC MP FRS (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British statesman and Conservative politician, who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Of the 652 Commons seats, Blake gives the distribution as 353 (Liberals), 238 (Conservatives) and 61 (Home Rulers); James D Merritt advanced an alternative theory in 1968, proposing. This diplomatic victory over Russia established Disraeli as one of Europe's leading statesmen. [187], Disraeli always considered foreign affairs to be the most critical and most interesting part of statesmanship. The defiant closing words of his speech have been variously recorded. Disraeli, unable to pay his promised share of the capital, quarreled with Murray and others. As the constituencies voted, it became clear that the result would be a Conservative majority, the first since 1841. The critic Robert O'Kell, concurring, writes, "It is after all, even if you are a Tory of the staunchest blue, impossible to make Disraeli into a first-rate novelist. [173], In January 1874, Gladstone called a general election, convinced that if he waited longer, he would do worse at the polls. The Aberdeen government chose to make this a motion of confidence; Disraeli led the Opposition to defeat the government, 305 to 148. [25] T F Maples was not only the young Disraeli's employer and a friend of his father's, but also his prospective father-in-law: Isaac and Maples entertained the possibility that the latter's only daughter might be a suitable match for Benjamin. Gladstone immediately stated that he was not one of them, and the Queen gave Disraeli leave to quote her saying she had never approached a Prime Minister with such a proposal. Disraeli was of Italian-Jewish descent, the eldest son and second child of Isaac D’Israeli and Maria Basevi. [82] The election was a massive defeat for the Whigs across the country, and Peel became Prime Minister. Benjamin Disraeli was born on 21 December 1804 to Isaac D’Israeli and Maria Basevi, Basically of Jewish descent, Benjamin’s family had to adopt Christianity in 1817 after a difference in opinions between his father and members of the ‘Beavis Marks’ synagogue. To fill Tait's vacant see, Disraeli was urged by many people to appoint Samuel Wilberforce, the former Bishop of Winchester and leading figure in London society. [191] Britain had had the opportunity to purchase shares in the canal but had declined to do so. ", This page was last edited on 2 May 2021, at 19:24. The small Scottish electorate was dominated by two noblemen, the Conservative Duke of Buccleuch and the Liberal Earl of Rosebery. He declined, stating that he regarded the matter as settled. In the absence of a credible party rival and for fear of having an election called on the issue, Conservatives felt obliged to support Disraeli despite their discomfort. Despite the gravity of Disraeli's condition, the doctors concocted optimistic bulletins, for public consumption. [n 12] After this unpromising start Disraeli kept a low profile for the rest of the parliamentary session. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue; young Benjamin became an Anglican at the age of 12. [129], With the fall of the government, Disraeli and the Conservatives returned to the Opposition benches. Britain in the early-nineteenth century was not a greatly anti-Semitic society, and there had been Members of Parliament (MPs) from Jewish families since Samson Gideon in 1770. [221], Disraeli left much of the detailed work to Salisbury, concentrating his efforts on making it as difficult as possible for the broken-up big Bulgaria to reunite. [107], Disraeli spoke in favour of the measure, arguing that Christianity was "completed Judaism", and asking the House of Commons "Where is your Christianity if you do not believe in their Judaism? Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [236], Gladstone, in the 1874 election, had been returned for Greenwich, finishing second behind a Conservative in the two-member constituency, a result he termed more like a defeat than a victory. World events thereafter moved against the Conservatives. Wolf, Lucien. Palmerston was deemed essential to any Whig ministry, and he would not join any he did not head. [158], Derby had long suffered from attacks of gout which sent him to his bed, unable to deal with politics. Disraeli regretted this, hoping for an opportunity, however brief, to show himself capable in office. [268], Of the other novels of the early 1830s, Alroy is described by Blake as "profitable but unreadable",[269] and The Rise of Iskander (1833), The Infernal Marriage and Ixion in Heaven (1834) made little impact. Benjamin Disraeli © British statesman and novelist, Disraeli provided the Conservative Party with its policies of popular democracy and imperialism. Zachs, William, Peter Isaac, Angus Fraser and William Lister, Blake (1967), pp. 202–218. [215], The Russians pushed through Ottoman territory and by December 1877 had captured the strategic Bulgarian town of Plevna; their march on Constantinople seemed inevitable. When and Where was he Born? Upon Derby's retirement in 1868, Disraeli became prime minister briefly before losing that year's general election. He had rarely travelled abroad; since his youthful tour of the Middle East in 1830–1831, he had left Britain only for his honeymoon and three visits to Paris, the last of which was in 1856. Disraeli would spend three-quarters of his 44-year parliamentary career in Opposition. It is true there is a collision, but it is not a collision between the Lords and the People, but between the Ministers and the Constitution.[70]. [46] It sold well, but caused much offence in influential circles when the authorship was discovered. A later Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon, described the canal in 1909 as "the determining influence of every considerable movement of British power to the east and south of the Mediterranean". Frere did not send word to the cabinet of what he had done until the ultimatum was about to expire. Furthermore, Murray and Lockhart, men of great influence in literary circles, believed that Disraeli had caricatured them and abused their confidence—an accusation denied by the author but repeated by many of his biographers. [52] He had already turned his attention to politics in 1832, during the great crisis over the Reform Bill. Author of. "[285], Disraeli's enthusiastic propagation of the British Empire has also been seen as appealing to working class voters. Disraeli was early to call for peace, but had little influence on events. Balloting was spread over two weeks, beginning on 1 February. 18–19; and Bradford, p. 11. [203], Once the desired bill was prepared, Disraeli's handling of it was not adept. Of these surnames, Shiprut de Gabay, Cardoso, Aboab, and, most likely, Israeli are Sephardic, Basevi is of Ashkenazic origin, while Rieti was originally taken by a family whose ancestors lived in Italy for centuries; see Beider, Alexander. He consequently was a strong supporter of the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 which allowed the archbishops to go to court to stop the ritualists. [282] In 2007 Parry wrote, "The tory democrat myth did not survive detailed scrutiny by professional historical writing of the 1960s [which] demonstrated that Disraeli had very little interest in a programme of social legislation and was very flexible in handling parliamentary reform in 1867. She died on 15 December. "[248] Almost blind, when he received the last letter from Victoria of which he was aware on 5 April, he held it momentarily, then had it read to him by Lord Barrington, a Privy Councillor. By one account, the British ambassador in Berlin, Lord Odo Russell, hoping to spare the delegates Disraeli's awful French accent, told Disraeli that the congress was hoping to hear a speech in the English tongue by one of its masters. [206] According to Aldous, "the unpopular Royal Titles Act, however, shattered Disraeli's authority in the House of Commons". According to Blake, Disraeli "in a brilliant oration of withering invective proceeded to destroy Lowe", who apologised and never held office again. [111], In the aftermath of the debate Bentinck resigned the leadership and was succeeded by Lord Granby; Disraeli's own speech, thought by many of his own party to be blasphemous, ruled him out for the time being. Contarini Fleming (1832) was avowedly a self-portrait. [2] The family was mostly from Italy, of mixed Portuguese and Sephardic Jewish, mercantile background with some Italkim, and Ashkenazi origins. Disraeli had declined, though pledged support to the Country Gentlemen's Interes, as Bentink had offered to lead if he had Disraeli's support. Before long, Disraeli became a speaker who commanded attention. Of the peers, five of them had been in Disraeli's 1868 cabinet; the sixth, Lord Salisbury, was reconciled to Disraeli after negotiation and became Secretary of State for India. He began as a pioneer in dress and an aesthete of words ... Disraeli actually made his novels come true. Sybil / The Two Nations. [291] Nevertheless, Paul Smith, in his journal article on Disraeli's politics, argues that Disraeli's ideas were coherently argued over a political career of nearly half a century, and "it is impossible to sweep them aside as a mere bag of burglar's tools for effecting felonious entry to the British political pantheon. It remained the established church and was funded by direct taxation, which was greatly resented by the Catholics and Presbyterians. But he was not silenced. In the event, the speech was a model of its kind, in which he avoided comment on Disraeli's politics, while praising his personal qualities. Protection would have been highly unpopular among the newly enfranchised urban working classes, as it would raise their cost of living. Disraeli became a major figure in the party. [221] Disraeli did not have things all his own way: he intended that Batum be demilitarised, but the Russians obtained their preferred language, and in 1886, fortified the town. Having leisure time as he was not in office, he wrote a new novel, Lothair (1870). [121], Disraeli's task as Chancellor was to devise a budget which would satisfy the protectionist elements who supported the Tories, without uniting the free-traders against it. 1905. Without a general election, a Conservative government would be another minority, dependent for survival on the division of its opponents. "[118], In the following weeks, Disraeli served as Leader of the House (with Derby as Prime Minister in the Lords) and as Chancellor. [112] While these intrigues played out, Disraeli was working with the Bentinck family to secure the necessary financing to purchase Hughenden Manor, in Buckinghamshire. By June 1825 he and his business partners had lost £7,000. [65] He did not defeat the incumbent Whig member, Henry Labouchere, but the Taunton constituency was regarded as unwinnable by the Tories. In March, he fell ill with bronchitis, and emerged from bed only for a meeting with Salisbury and other Conservative leaders on the 26th. "[287] Others have identified a strongly pragmatic aspect to his policies. Owing to his infirmities, Disraeli was three-quarters of an hour late for the Lord Mayor's Dinner at the Guildhall in November, at which it is customary that the Prime Minister speaks. Elaborate metaphors, affected mannerisms, and foppish dress led to his being shouted down. Disraeli gained wide acclaim and became a hero to his party for the "marvellous parliamentary skill" with which he secured the passage of Reform in the Commons.[155]. [160] Reassured, he wrote to the Queen, resigning and recommending Disraeli as "only he could command the cordial support, en masse, of his present colleagues". This divided the Liberals, and on 12 March an alliance of Conservatives and Irish Catholics defeated the government by three votes. [296], Peel shown as Julius Caesar surrounded by his assassins, with Disraeli on the left, 1846, Gladstone on donkey representing reform is held back by Disraeli aided by the English Working Man, 1866, Derby and Disraeli outflank and "dish" their opponents, 1867, Disraeli and Gladstone as Box and Cox, 1870, Disraeli as the man in white paper in Through the Looking-Glass, 1871, Disraeli's ghost overshadowing Lord Randolph Churchill, 1886, Historian Michael Diamond reports that for British music hall patrons in the 1880s and 1890s, "xenophobia and pride in empire" were reflected in the halls' most popular political heroes: all were Conservatives and Disraeli stood out above all, even decades after his death, while Gladstone was used as a villain. [156], The Reform Act 1867 passed that August. Benjamin Disraeli - Benjamin Disraeli - Conservative leader: The loyalty of most of the Conservative former ministers to Peel and the death of Bentinck made … Disraeli had supported the efforts of party manager John Eldon Gorst to put the administration of the Conservative Party on a modern basis. It ended public executions, and the Corrupt Practices Act did much to end electoral bribery. Many Conservative MPs refused to follow him and the bill passed the Commons easily. New York: D. Appleton, 1903. The Young Duke. At the request of the French ambassador, Palmerston put forward amendments to the conspiracy to murder statute, proposing to make creating an infernal device a felony rather than a misdemeanour. "[299], "Disraeli" redirects here. When Parliament met in January 1881, he served as Conservative leader in the Lords, attempting to serve as a moderating influence on Gladstone's legislation. He followed O'Connell, whom he sharply criticised for the latter's "long, rambling, jumbling, speech". Although Ireland was largely Roman Catholic, the Church of England represented most landowners. Disraeli was now firmly in the Tory camp. Controversial wars in Afghanistan and South Africa undermined his public support. My father's refrain always was 'Philip Carteret Webb', who was the most eminent solicitor of his boyhood and who was an MP. [20] It is not known whether Disraeli formed any ambition for a parliamentary career at the time of his baptism, but there is no doubt that he bitterly regretted his parents' decision not to send him to Winchester College. Disraeli clashed with Peel in the House of Commons. [277] Disraeli continued to the last to pillory his enemies in barely disguised caricatures: the character St Barbe in Endymion is widely seen as a parody of Thackeray, who had offended Disraeli more than thirty years earlier by lampooning him in Punch as "Codlingsby". One essay ended: The English nation, therefore, rallies for rescue from the degrading plots of a profligate oligarchy, a barbarizing sectarianism, and a boroughmongering Papacy, round their hereditary leaders—the Peers. [17] While he was there events at the family home changed the course of Disraeli's education and of his whole life. Sir Ian Malcolm described the Suez Canal share purchase as "the greatest romance of Mr. Disraeli's romantic career". Derby was reluctant to seek to unseat the government, fearing a repetition of the Who? He won the landslide in 1945, not as a novice but as a leader immersed in the workings of government. As in 1852, Derby led a minority government, dependent on the division of its opponents for survival. ", Blake (1967), pp. [247], Suffering from asthma and gout, Disraeli went out as little as possible, fearing more serious episodes of illness. [276] Endymion, despite having a Whig as hero, is a last exposition of the author's economic policies and political beliefs. [48], Together with his sister's fiancé, William Meredith, Disraeli travelled widely in southern Europe and beyond in 1830–31. Speck, "Robert Southey, Benjamin Disraeli and Young England.". [213] Nevertheless, the conference failed to reach agreement with the Turks. Disraeli, who had attended the Protectionists dinner at the Merchant Taylors Hall, joined Bentinck in speaking and voting for the bill, although his own speech was a standard one of toleration. [135], Derby took office at the head of a purely "Conservative" administration, not in coalition with any other faction. Benjamin Disraeli, in full Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Beaconsfield, Viscount Hughenden of Hughenden, byname Dizzy, (born December 21, 1804, London, England—died April 19, 1881, London), British statesman and novelist who was twice prime minister (1868, 1874–80) and who provided the Conservative Party with a twofold policy of Tory democracy and imperialism. [74] In the same year Disraeli published a novel, Henrietta Temple, which was a love story and social comedy, drawing on his affair with Henrietta Sykes. [229] In Berlin, word spread of Bismarck's admiring description of Disraeli, "Der alte Jude, das ist der Mann! Amid British preparations for war, the Russians and Turks agreed to discussions at Berlin. In 1835 Disraeli stood for the last time as a Radical, unsuccessfully contesting High Wycombe once again. [192], Disraeli, recognising the British interest in the canal, sent the Liberal MP Nathan Rothschild to Paris to enquire about buying de Lesseps's shares. He angered British farmers by refusing to reinstitute the Corn Laws in response to poor harvests and cheap imported grain. For other uses, see, Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, First term as Prime Minister; Opposition leader, First government (February–December 1868), Depiction in 19th- and early 20th-century culture, The street was renamed some time after 1824 as. Disraeli, on the other hand, was anxious to return to office. [96][n 16], The first months of 1846 were dominated by a battle in Parliament between the free traders and the protectionists over the repeal of the Corn Laws, with the latter rallying around Disraeli and Lord George Bentinck. Russians sent a copy to Disraeli mannerisms, and he was there events the... Xcv, 1321–1330, 16 December 1847 them, particularly Canning [ 162 ], Together with father. Carlton Club, Disraeli travelled widely in southern Europe and beyond in.. 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The young Duke, written in 1829–30 164 ], the book ' was established to try continue... Actions often frustrated its intent to Osborne House on the lookout for your Britannica to... Was of Italian-Jewish descent, the Whigs across the country, and as divisions among the were. Since the last of his speech was widely criticized immediate liking to each other [ ]! George Earle Buckle, Napton, Dani European coalition against Russia, under Bismarck '' much end... Range of exhausted volcanoes William Lister, Blake ( 1967 ), published by Dutton Publishing 41. 43 ], Disraeli became a speaker who commanded attention in 1846 politics in the benjamin disraeli biography over... Conservatives and Irish Catholics defeated the government, dependent on the second half of 1851, much of his choice., Parry, Jonathan p. `` Disraeli and Gladstone against each other suggested!