impacts of bam earthquake 2003

The 34 international rescue teams from 27 countries that arrived in Bam in the first few days of the operation were paralyzed by the chaos that reigned in the first few days of the disaster. It might seem impossible to you that all custom-written essays, research papers, speeches, book reviews, and other custom task completed by our writers are both of high quality and cheap. The city and its immense walls were destroyed and rebuilt several times; and most of the remaining constructions date back to no earlier than the late-Safavid period. DOI:10.1193/1.2113167. On December 26, 2003, a 6.8 magnitude struck Bam a historical town in southeast Iran. Fielding, “Surface displacements and source parameters of the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake from Envisat advanced synthetic aperture radar imagery,” Geophysical Research Letter, 110, B09406. VII, 1996, pp. In addition, a large inventory of existing buildings (~99%) in urban and rural areas lack earthquake-resistant design and have not been retrofitted to meet any engineering seismic design code. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. The mentioned factors contributed to the general performance of adobe and recently built structures during the Bam medium-magnitude earthquake, where 95% of the buildings within the city of Bam, and a larger proportion of dwellings in the surroundings villages within 10 km of Bam were devastated. Risk: The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property and livelihood loss, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions. As of March 7, 2005, the total sum of 130,851,677.00 dollars was donated to the Bam earthquake project by more than 40 countries and international agencies (IFRC, 2004a, b, c; UNOCHA, UNDEP, UNESCO, FAO, IOM, WHO, WFP, UNFPA, UNHCR, ILO, and IRC) under the following ten categories: coordination and support services, economic recovery and infrastructure, education, family shelter, non-food items, food, water and sanitation, health, protection/human rights and rule of law, unspecified sectors, and security (USAID, 2004b, c). This lower area contained the entrance complex and the barracks and stables constructed in mud-brick, and used low domes and shallow barrel-vaults. The earthquake hit just before dawn when most resi-dents were still asleep, and caused the immediate collapse of residential structures, … As a matter of principle, all people have a human right to protection from disasters, and consequently governments have an obligation to provide that protection (Kent, 2001; Berberian, 2003 a, b). A massive relief effort was mounted with the support of many countries and a meticulous reconstruction of the Bam Citadel was initiated by the Iranian government with help from the USA, France, Italy and Japan. M. Bouchon, D. Hatzfeld, J. F. Pellet, K. Amin Hosseini, M. Kazem Jafari, F.Z. The earthquake, occurring at the early hours of the morning in winter when most people were in bed, resulted in the highest casualty rate and the most profound social impact in the recorded post-1900 history of devastating urban earthquakes in Iran (see Table 1 and Figure 2 in Berberian, 2005), in spite of its moderate magnitude. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) (accessed 20 July 2009). UNDP: United Nations Development Programme. Iran introduced new building regulations designed to minimize earthquake damage in 1989, but by then it was too late for most of Barn’s buildings – especially housing. M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, and R. Mousavi, “History, Geography, and Economy of Bam,” Earthquake Spectra 21, Sp. Strike-slip fault: A fault on which the movement is parallel to the strike of the fault. A study was carried out to assess psychological distress … 2 Data and material After the 2003 Earthquake in Bam, people displacement as a … M. Talebian, E. J. Since 1900, earthquakes in Iran have killed more than 164,000 people, while in the North America only 1,000 lives were lost during earthquakes. In industrialized and developed countries maintaining the life-safety and controlling the financial loss during a major natural disaster are minimum levels of acceptable risk (Bozorgnia and Bertero, 2004); but in some developing countries including Iran, the political and socio-economically acceptable level of risk is such that governments implicitly accept a high risk of losing lives of tens of thousands of people and billions of dollars of financial loss after each earthquake. The quake had its epicentre near the ancient city of Bam - most of its buildings have been flattened. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. 101-109. These zones are concentrated within eastern districts of Bam, a distribution which corresponds closely with preliminary results of a ground- The direct economic loss of the earthquake was estimated at 1,500 million dollars (in original values). IRNA (Islamic Republic News Agency) (accessed 20 July 2009). Issue. The sub-province had approximately 3,800,000 date palm trees cultivated in approximately 19,000 hectares. Dissertations & Theses from 2018. The present city of Bam (FIGURE 3) was founded in 1840, when most of the population moved from the medieval circumvallated inner city. Three geophysical factors (Bouchon et al., 2006), whose unfortunate combination led to the strong ground shaking with a peak vertical ground acceleration of nearly 1.0 g/980 cm/s², and horizontal acceleration of 0.8 g/779 c/s² (BHRC, 2003, 2004; Shoja-Taheri et al., 2005), coupled with the poor quality of the physical infrastructure and a lack of adequate risk management by the Iranian government led to the destruction suffered by the city of Bam. 14. J. Shoja-Taheri, S. Naserieh, and A. H. Ghafoorian-Nasab, “The 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake: An Interpretation of the Strong Motion Records,” Earthquake Spectra 21, Sp. DOI:10.1029/2004JB003338, 2005. Transportation systems (roads, bridges, railroad, and airport), though very limited, were moderately damaged and became generally operational soon after the earthquake to support a delayed emergency response and recovery effort. Sadly, the word “was’ must be used because this magnificent ancient structure was virtually destroyed in 2003. UN News produces daily news content in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Kiswahili, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish, and weekly programmes in Hindi, Urdu and Bangla. Jackson, K. Priestley, and T. Wallace, “The Rudbar-Tarom Earthquake of June 20, 1990 in NW Persia: Preliminary Field and Seismological Observations, and its Tectonic Significance,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 82/4, 1992, pp. Most of the earthquake fatalities were in the vulnerable adobe and masonry buildings, as well as in modern buildings less than 30 years old, which were poorly constructed. G. J. Funning, B. Parson, T. J. Wright, J. 1-4, DOI:10.1029/2006GL025906, 2006. One common practical designation of strong ground motion is a peak ground acceleration of 0.05g or larger. Mitigation: Structural and nonstructural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation, and technological hazards. Idem, Assistance for Iranian Earthquake Victims, 10/8/2004, 2004c. S1, S455-S468, The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, Calif., DOI:10.1193/1.2098891, 2005. Tobin, and F. Krimgold, “Special and Public Policy Issues Following the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake,” Earthquake Spectra 21, Sp. Dollars 645 millions in loans and grants had been allocated through banks. You should know: In March 2007 Mother Nature delivered a reminder of her powers to survivors of the 2003 quake – a sandstorm whipped up by 130 kph (80 mph) winds that enveloped Bam, suffocating three children, causing fatal car accidents and injuring a … It is coupled P- and SV-waves trapped near the surface of the Earth and propagating along it, and was named after Lord Rayleigh, who first predicted its existence in 1887 for a homogeneous half-space, for which the velocity of propagation is 0.88 to 0.95 times the sheer velocity and their particle motion is retrograde elliptic near the surface. Comparison of recent records on the impact of earthquake hazards of similar magnitude in different countries provide telling contrasts. 163-69. 68-80. as part of its It might seem impossible to you that all custom-written essays, research papers, speeches, book reviews, and other custom task completed by our writers are both of high quality and cheap. Numerous factors such as (i) the high-frequency of ground vibration during the earthquake (Shoja-Taheri et al., 2005; Bouchon et al., 2006), coupled with (ii) additive changes made to the walls of the Bam Citadel, particularly in recent restorations, which resulted in variations in the density and response to strong ground motion of different layers of unfired earth construction in the wall, and (iii) extensive damage from termites and the loss of cohesion of the clay from degradation and excessive drying out (Langenbach, 2005), demolished the Citadel. Idem, “Thoughts on the Bam Earthquake,” 2003a, available from RADIX (accessed 20 July 2009). It was the widespread failure of poor quality buildings that contributed to so many deaths in the area. Because the city’s population was asleep when the earthquake struck, more people were killed than would have been the case had everyone been out and about. 1-16. The earthquake destroyed most of Bam city and the nearby villages and according to the latest estimates the official death toll exceeded 26,000 with more than 30,000 injuries and 75,000 left homeless. ISIRI, “The 1969 Iranian Building Safety Code During Earthquakes, Code No. Earthquake related injuries: Assessment of 854 victims of the 2003 Bam dis-aster transported to tertiary referral hospitals. 137-138. Idem, “Earthquakes iv. UN Flash Appeal, Bam Earthquake of 26 December 2003: Islamic Republic of Iran Relief, Recovery and Immediate Rehabilitation, United Nations, 2004. Documentation and management of earthquake and seismic fault data, and decision-making policy development are the first steps towards seismic risk reduction. 253, Tehran, 2003. M. Tatar, D. Hatzfeld, A.S. Moradi, and A. Paul, “The 2003 December 26 Bam earthquake (Iran), Mw 6.6, aftershock sequence,” Geophysical Journal International 162, 2005, pp. Several ministries, the Red Crescent Society, the Relief Committee, and the Revolutionary Guards, all issued orders without coordinating their efforts, and many lives were lost as a result of poor management. Payvand Iran News, “A Year Later in Bam, ‘Hard Work Having an Impact,’” 11 December 2004, available online (accessed 20 July 2009). The indirect economic losses due to the destruction of houses and loss of jobs has not yet been estimated or reported. IOM: International Organization for Migration. IRC (Iranian Red Crescent) (accessed 20 July 2009). Over 26,000 died on that terrible night, while about another 30,000 were injured in and around Bam – a fearful regional toll as the population of Bam itself was just 43,000. UNOCHA: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. However, the historical (Ambraseys & Melville 1982; Berberian & Yeats 1999) and instrumental (Engdahl et al. Magnitude: A quantity intended to measure the size of an earthquake and is independent of the place of observation. Recommendations. Issue. Reference Ramirez and Peek-Asa 1 Iran is ranked in the top 10 countries with the highest occurrence of earthquakes. Prehospital Disast Med 2008;23(6):510-515. Earthquake surface faulting, strong ground motion, and aftershocks. the 2003 Algerian earthquake. It is generally immediate and short term. Natural disasters such as earthquakes are not preventable but their impacts can be minimized and mitigated. An earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale struck the city of Bam in Iran on the 26th of December 2003 at 5.26 A.M. Idem, “Contribution of Archaeological Data to Studies of Earthquake History in the Iranian Plateau,” Journal of Structural Geology, Paul Hancock Memorial Issue 23, 2001, pp. S. A. Manchalwar,Seismic response control of open ground storey,IJISRT,June 2017,ISSN 2456-2165 Volume No 2,Issue No 6,2017-18. Who We Are. The Iranian people both at home and abroad, together with traditional community-based organizations (CBOs), and humanitarian volunteer groups, helped the earthquake survivors by donating needed goods, medications, and money. Hypocenter: A point in the Earth where the rupture of the rocks initiates during an earthquake, i.e., where strain energy is first converted to elastic energy (=earthquake focus). Earthquake impact on lifelines and the environment. No organized rubble removal effort, and hence no local search-and-rescue team was present during the first twenty-four hours of the earthquake, and thus the local citizens were mainly responsible for clearing the rubble and engaging in rescue work as much as they could with their bare hands. The acceleratione due to gravity at the Earth’s surface is 976 to 987 Gal. United Nations, From Emergency Humanitarian Assistance to Reconstruction and Risk Management: A United Nations Strategy for Support to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran following the Bam Earthquake of 26 December 2003, Geneva, 2004. S1, S487-S510, The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, Calif., DOI:10.1193/1.2098907, 2005. Idem, and M. Ghorashi, B. Arzhangravesh, A. Mohajer-Ashjai, “Seismotectonic and Earthquake-Fault Hazard Investigation in the Greater Qazvin Region. B. Hosseini Hashemi, and M. Jafari, “Performance of Batten Columns in Steel Buildings During the Bam Earthquake of 26 December 2003”, Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering 5/4, Special Issue, Tehran , 2004, pp. In this earthquake, Bam Citadel — "the biggest adobe structure of the world" — and most of the city of Bam proper were devastated. Disaster Risk Reduction: The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards. Between the above mentioned series of disastrous earthquakes the most destructive case was the great Bam earthquake. Currently the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere with 80% of the population living under the poverty line and 54% in abject poverty, the earthquake further inflicted $7.8 billion in damage and caused the country's GDP to contract 5.4% in 2010. Death toll numbers as high as 80,000 were rumoured on the street and 70,000 reported in the media. 7-26 January 2004, Geneva, 2004b. The difference in casualty numbers between the two events is directly related to differences in disaster preparedness and disaster mitigation in the United States of America and Iran. Manishock: The largest shock in an earthquake sequence. To do so, initial data on the events followed the earthquake were analyzed according to relevant theoretical frameworks and international experiences. BAM EARTHQUAKE of December 26, 2003. Iran has been fortunate in recent years in that its large urban centers have largely been saved from a direct hit from a large-magnitude (>7.0) earthquake. Performance of Building Roofs in the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake. Our multimedia service, through this new integrated single platform, updates throughout the day, in text, audio and video – also making use of quality images and other media from across the UN system. You will only find them at teleSUR. 1998) Interrelated socio-economic factors such as poverty, remoteness, lack of proper building material, and declining natural and land resources have deepened vulnerability in towns and rural areas and resulted in the widespread and compound effects observed during the Bam and other earthquakes in Iran. Abdel-Salam, Ahmed Nabil (2018) … As of January 15, 2004, the USAID Disaster Assistance Response Team (USAID/DART) and U.S. Department of Defense (USDOD) assistance to Iran was 3,702,645.00 dollars and 2,012,285.00 dollars, respectively (USAID, 2004b, c). Although the earthquake fault slipped at shallow depth, little of this slip reached the ground surface, and the earthquake fault was unknown before the 2003 earthquake. 1726-755, PDF copy available online (accessed 20 July 2009). 1984; Jackson & McKenzie 1984; Walker & Jackson 2002; Vernant et al. Death toll: The official casualty figure is 26,271. The exact extent of leakage from petroleum storage tanks and barrels (Eshghi and Razzaghi, 2005), causing soil pollution and underground water contamination, has not been investigated. Among the list of resources destroyed were: the 95 community health houses (first aid depots) that had been the centre for outreach within the city and its surrounding areas. 79-99. Idem, Assistance for Iranian Earthquake Victims, 1/15/2004, 2004b, available online (accessed 20 July 2009). Idem, Recovery Advisory Team. Historical Record of Earthquakes in Persia, Radical Interpretations of Disasters and Radical Solutions, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, United Nations Inter-Agency Secretariat for International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. The international team could only save 22 people during a 48-hour effort (ReliefWeb 2003a, b; AlertNet, 2003; IFRC, 2004a, b, c; Movahedi, 2005; Tierney et al., 2005). You should know: In March 2007 Mother Nature delivered a reminder of her powers to survivors of the 2003 quake – a sandstorm whipped up by 130 kph (80 mph) winds that enveloped Bam, suffocating three children, causing fatal car accidents and injuring a dozen or more residents of the re-emerging city. As with previous earthquakes in Iran, nearly all the vernacular, conventional (amalgam of modern construction and local technology), and modern structures in Bam completely collapsed. 1861-887, PDF copy available online (accessed 20 July 2009). BACKGROUND: Man-made or natural disasters appear to be occurring more frequently around the world. Rayleigh wave: A type of surface-wave, having a retrograde, elliptical motion at the free surface. During the Bam’s Disaster The entire health system has been destroyed or severely affected by the quake. UNWFP: United Nations World Food Programme. 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