Bavarians are particularly proud[citation needed] of the traditional Reinheitsgebot, or beer purity law, initially established by the Duke of Bavaria for the City of Munich (i.e. Reindel, K. (1981). Rather, they seem to have coalesced out of other groups left behind by the Roman withdrawal late in the 5th century. This prince, who had married a daughter of Frederick I of Hohenzollern, margrave of Brandenburg, resented the favor shown by his father to an illegitimate son. Three days later on 13 June, Ludwig II was found dead in Lake Starnberg. These peoples may have included the Celtic Boii, some remaining Romans, Marcomanni, Allemanni, Quadi, Thuringians, Goths, Scirians, Rugians, Heruli. The first duke known was Garibald I, a member of the powerful Agilolfing family. The new constitution was accepted by a public vote on 1 December 1946, the same day the first post-war state parliament (German: Landtag) was elected.[14]. This area was devastated by bombing and invasion during World War II. From 696 onward, he invited churchmen from the west to organize churches and strengthen Christianity in his duchy. Gerold, a brother-in-law of Charlemagne, ruled Bavaria till his death in a battle with the Avars in 799, when Frankish counts took over the administration and assimilated the land with the rest of the Carolingian empire. In 1070 AD, King Henry IV deposed duke Otto, granting the duchy to Count Welf, a member of an influential Bavarian family with roots in northern Italy. Schweinfurt, an industrial city of some 52,000 people located on the Main River in northern Bavaria, was a center for the manufacture of anti-friction bearings during World War II (and still is). In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their own food but buy beer only from the brewery that runs the beer garden. In 1061 AD, Empress Agnes, mother and regent of the German king Henry IV, entrusted the duchy to Otto of Nordheim. [52] German breweries, however, cling to the principle, and Bavarian breweries still comply with it in order to distinguish their beer brands. The deposition was not entirely legitimate. The recovery of the Upper Palatinate made Bavaria compact; the acquisition of the electoral vote made it influential, and the duchy was able to play a part in European politics which internal strife had rendered impossible for the past four hundred years. A union between Bavaria and Austria was also considered. After the CSU lost more than 17% of the votes in the Bavarian state elections of 2008, incumbent Minister-President Günther Beckstein and Chairman of the CSU, Erwin Huber, announced their resignations. At a party convention on 25 October, he was affirmed as the new Chairman of the CSU, and on 27 October he was elected Minister-President by the Landtag with votes from the Free Democratic Party, forming the first coalition government in Bavaria since 1962. In the complicated Schleswig-Holstein question Bavaria, under Pfordten's guidance, consistently opposed Prussia, and headed the lesser states in their support of Frederick of Augustenburg against the policy of the two great German powers. His idea for the ultimate solution of the question of the balance of power in Germany was the so-called Trias, i.e. [36] Its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 exceeded €434 billion (about U.S. $600 billion). In 1440 the whole of Bavaria-Munich came to Ernest's son Albert III, who had become estranged from his father owing to his union with the commoner Agnes Bernauer. This link strengthened in 1546, when the emperor Charles V obtained the help of the duke during the war of the league of Schmalkalden by promising him in certain eventualities the succession to the Bohemian throne, and the electoral dignity enjoyed by the count palatine of the Rhine. Until December 1999, there was also a Senat, or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished. [6] Bavarians have traditionally been proud of their culture, which includes a language, cuisine, architecture, festivals such as Oktoberfest and elements of Alpine symbolism. Free State has been an adopted designation after the abolition of monarchy in the aftermath of World War I in several German states. His son and successor Pepin the Short likewise maintained Frankish authority. Touch for map. The Thirty Years' War (1618 – 1648), which had been triggered by Maximilian I of Bavaria, soon turned into Europe's first world war with the intervention of Spain, France, England, the Netherlands, the pope, and Sweden, but it was as much a catastrophe for Bavaria as for other parts of Central Europe. Also entering the new parliament will be the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) with 10.2% of the vote. As a direct result of the Bavarian-Prussian feud, political parties formed to encourage Bavaria to break away and regain its independence. Albert died in March 1508 and was succeeded by his son, William IV, whose mother Kunigunde was the daughter of the emperor Frederick III. He was defeated near Augsburg in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748. This is the last appearance of Tassilo in the sources, and he probably died a monk. The two remaining brothers, Stephen II and Albert I, ruled over Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing respectively and when Stephen died in 1375 his three sons governed his portion of Bavaria jointly. Its goal was to establish an independent Bavarian state. A new era began when, in consequence of Henry the Lion being placed under an imperial ban in 1180 AD, Emperor Frederick I awarded the duchy to Otto, a member of the old Bavarian family of Wittelsbach and a descendant of the counts of Scheyern. The opposition of the Patriot Party, however, reinforced by the strong Catholic sentiment of the country, continued and it was only the steady support given by the king to successive Liberal ministries that prevented its finding disastrous expression in the parliament, where it remained in a majority till 1887, and subsequently, as the Centre Party, continued to form the most compact party. Together with the 25 independent cities (kreisfreie Städte, which are in effect municipalities independent of Landkreis administrations), there are a total of 2,056 municipalities in Bavaria. The most distinctive high points of Bavarian agriculture are: Bavaria has the best developed industry in Germany[41] and the lowest unemployment rate with 3.7% as of April 2021. The Greens who had surged in the polls leading up to the election have replaced the social-democratic SPD as the second biggest force in the Landtag with 17.5% of the vote. Immediately after the first peace of Paris (1814), Bavaria ceded to Austria the northern Tyrol and Vorarlberg; during the Congress of Vienna it was decided that she was to add to these the greater part of Salzburg and the Innviertel and Hausruck [de]. In spite of subsequent reverses, Maximilian retained these gains at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. In 1669, moreover, he again called a meeting of the diet, which had been suspended since 1612. There are many traditional Bavarian sports disciplines, e.g. The name "Bavarian" ("Baiuvarii") means "Men of Baia" which may indicate Bohemia, the homeland of the Celtic Boii and later of the Marcomanni. The King, however, pardoned Tassilo who entered a monastery and formally renounced his duchy at Frankfurt in 794. Tassilo III (b. Thus, a period of disorder saw the growth of representative institutions and the establishment of a strong civic spirit. Henry recognized Arnulf as duke, confirming his right to appoint bishops, coin money, and issue laws. Instead, the seats were allocated according to the results in the national election of March 1933, giving the Nazis and its coalition partner, the DNVP, a narrow two-seat majority due to the fact that the seats won by the KPD were declared void. After the war, carefully chosen, for this reason, the city became the location of the war crimes trials, the Nuremberg Military Tribunals. Bavaria continued as a monarchy, and it had some special rights within the federation (such as an army, railways, postal service and a diplomatic body of its own) but the diplomatic body postal service railways were later undone by Wilhelm II who declared them illegal and got rid of the diplomatic service first. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €43,500 or 144% of the EU27 average in the same year. That constitution was followed until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of World War I. With the onset of the Cold War, support for Bavarian independence quickly lost support both within Bavaria and from the Western allies, and the state became a part of West Germany. However, Holland and Hainaut passed to Burgundy. When Bertold died in 947 AD, Otto conferred the duchy upon his own brother Henry, who had married Judith, a daughter of Duke Arnulf. He was succeeded by Karl Freiherr von Schrenk von Notzing (1806–1884), an official of Liberal tendencies who had been a Bavarian representative in the diet of the Confederation. In 1949, the Free State of Bavaria chose not to sign the Founding Treaty (Gründungsvertrag) for the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, opposing the division of Germany into two countries after World War II. The etymological origins of the name "Bavarian" (Latin Baiovarii) are from the north of the Danube, outside the empire, coming from the Celtic Boii, who lived there earlier. During the 5th century, the Romans in Noricum and Raetia, south of the Danube, came under increasing pressure from people north of the Danube. Often glorified as Tirol's national hero, Andreas Hofer, the leader of the uprising, was executed in 1810 in Mantua, having lost a third and final battle against the French and Bavarian forces. However, to find even a set like this with the original folder is still a find. Fri, Nov 20, 2015, 10:35 PM. In particular, the Sudeten Germans, expelled from neighboring Czechoslovakia, have been deemed to have become the "fourth tribe" of Bavarians. Many large companies are headquartered in Bavaria, including Adidas, Allianz, Airbus, Audi, BMW, Brose, BSH Hausgeräte, HypoVereinsbank, Infineon, KUKA, Traton, MTU Aero Engines, Munich Re, Osram, Puma, Rohde & Schwarz, Schaeffler, Siemens, Wacker Chemie, Linde, Vitesco Technologies, Webasto, Grob, Heidenhain, Koenig & Bauer, Kaeser Compressors, Krones, Knorr-Bremse, Wacker Neuson, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, Siltronic, Leoni, Fielmann, MediaMarkt, Conrad Electronic, BayWa, ProSiebenSat.1 Media, Telefónica Germany, Knauf, Rehau, Giesecke+Devrient. [23] Another consideration is that Bavarians foster different cultural identities: Franconia in the north, speaking East Franconian German; Bavarian Swabia in the south west, speaking Swabian German; and Altbayern (so-called "Old Bavaria", the regions forming the "historic", pentagon-shaped Bavaria before the acquisitions through the Vienna Congress, at present the districts of the Upper Palatinate, Lower and Upper Bavaria) speaking Austro-Bavarian. The expenses of a magnificent court led the duke to quarrel with the Landschaft (the nobles), to oppress his subjects, and to leave a great burden of debt when he died in October 1579. Their name was already used to refer to the part of this region in the time of Maroboduus who formed the Germanic Marcomannic kingdom with its capital in this forested area. The duchy of Bavaria-Ingolstadt passed to Henry, who had succeeded his father Frederick as duke of Bavaria-Landshut in 1393, and whose long reign comprised almost entirely family feuds. Bavaria is home to the only separatist party in Germany - the Bavarian Party. The Duchy of Berg was given to Jerome Bonaparte. The Electorate of the Palatinate by Rhine (Kurpfalz in German) was also acquired by the House of Wittelsbach in 1214, which they would subsequently hold for six centuries.[15]. And I can assure you, that the history lessons in the schools can`t be further away from a “We lost” mentality. [8] Instead of the states, Reichsgaue were established as administrative sub-divisions. [11], Three early dukes are named in Frankish sources: Garibald I may have been appointed to the office by the Merovingian kings and married the Lombard princess Walderada when the church forbade her to King Chlothar I in 555. This was signed at Berlin on 22 August 1866, on the same day as the signature of the formal treaty of peace between the two countries. Many of these would-be immigrants were caught and rounded up into detention camps. As of 2018[update] 48.8% of Bavarians adhered to Catholicism (a decline from 70.4% in 1970). In 1253, on Otto II's death, Bavaria was divided between his sons. The new elector, Maximilian IV Joseph (of Zweibrücken), succeeded to a difficult inheritance. The Constitution of Bavaria of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December 1946. In May 1808 a first constitution was passed by Maximilian I,[17] being modernized in 1818. [7] Shortly after, Bavaria itself was broken up during the reorganization of the Reich. The Bavarians soon came under the dominion of the Franks, probably without a serious struggle. The government was at first carried on by Schrenk and Pfordten in concert. On 15 March 1806 he ceded the Duchy of Berg to Napoleon. The towns, assuming certain independence, became strong and wealthy as trade increased, and the citizens of Munich and Regensburg often proved formidable antagonists to the dukes. On account of an agreement with the Bavarian state government in 1923, the Wittelsbachs had retained corporate ownership of a number of properties including several palaces and castles as well as large tracts of forest and agricultural land. The new ministry granted the certificate of naturalization; but riots, in which Ultramontane professors of the university took part, resulted. Thus far Wilhelm Hoegner has been the only SPD candidate to ever become Minister-President; notable successors in office include multi-term Federal Minister Franz Josef Strauss, a key figure among West Germanconse… Nowadays, aside from the minority Bavaria Party, most Bavarians accept that Bavaria is part of Germany. The Südliche Schneeferner has almost vanished since the 1980s.[25]. Odilo issued a law code for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in partnership with St. Boniface (739), and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the Carolingian Grifo. When Otto of Wittelsbach gained Bavaria at Altenburg in September 1180, the duchy's borders comprised the Böhmerwald, the Inn, the Alps and the Lech; and the duke exercised practical power only over his extensive private domains around Wittelsbach, Kelheim and Straubing. Subordinate to the nobles we find the freeborn and then the freedmen. The Minister-President is elected for a period of five years by the State Parliament and is head of state. Traditional costumes collectively known as Tracht are worn on special occasions and include in Altbayern Lederhosen for males and Dirndl for females. It was to obtain popular support for this policy and for the Bavarian claims on Baden that the crown prince pressed for a liberal constitution, the reluctance of Montgelas to concede it is the cause of his dismissal. However, it was reported at the time and today is widely accepted that it was a suicide. Weltkrieg (in German), 1946: Verfassunggebende Landesversammlung (in German), "An English-Language Bibliography on Bavarian History: Academic Publications of the Last Fifty Years", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bavaria&oldid=1012438060, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010, Articles needing additional references from June 2011, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [9] Nürnberg, Bavaria's second-largest city, became the scene of massive rallies, the Reichsparteitage. Bavaria remained in the possession of various branches of the family until the First World War. The GDP per employee was 114% of the EU average. 14 Miss Bavaria 1945. [further explanation needed] (A first anti-smoking law had been proposed by the CSU and passed but was watered down after the election, after which a referendum enforced a strict antismoking bill with a large majority). See more ideas about world war ii, world war, war. During the Cold War, Bavaria was part of West Germany. After 1871, Bavaria shared to the full in the rapid development of Germany; but her particularism, founded on traditional racial and religious antagonism to the Prussians, was by no means dead, though it exhibited itself in no more dangerous form than the prohibition, reissued in 1900, to display any but the Bavarian flag on public buildings on the emperor's birthday; a provision which was subsequently modified so as to allow the Bavarian and imperial flags to be hung side by side. Eberhard proved less successful than his father, and in 938 AD, fled from Bavaria, which Otto granted (with reduced privileges) to the late duke's uncle, Bertold. The international position won by Maximilian I adds to the ducal house, on Bavaria itself its effect during the next two centuries were most dubious. From the 12th century onwards, the counts residing in Castle Tyrol near Merano extended their territory over much of the region and came to surpass the power of the bishops of Brixen, of whom they were nominally vassals. Rupert died in 1504, and the following year an arrangement was made at the Diet of Cologne by which the emperor and Philip's grandson, Otto Henry, obtained certain outlying districts, while Albert by securing the bulk of George's possessions united Bavaria under his rule. Croatia’s role in World War II was to help nazi Germany in ruling the Balkans. 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